Facebook-f Twitter
\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Conflit sur les connaissances et la strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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L\u2019interview explosive avec Tucker Carlson<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conflit sur les connaissances et la strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Cruz est un fervent d\u00e9fenseur d\u2019une ligne dure contre l\u2019Iran. Il a plaid\u00e9 pour des frappes cibl\u00e9es, notamment sur le site hautement prot\u00e9g\u00e9 d\u2019enrichissement d\u2019uranium de Fordow. Il qualifie une \u00e9ventuelle frappe am\u00e9ricaine de \u00ab raisonnable \u00bb et affirme avoir partag\u00e9 son opinion avec le pr\u00e9sident Trump. Sa position refl\u00e8te une frange du Parti r\u00e9publicain favorable \u00e0 un changement de r\u00e9gime \u00e0 T\u00e9h\u00e9ran, \u00e0 travers une pression maximale et une intervention militaire potentielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019interview explosive avec Tucker Carlson<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conflit sur les connaissances et la strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Prise de position en faveur d\u2019une action militaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz est un fervent d\u00e9fenseur d\u2019une ligne dure contre l\u2019Iran. Il a plaid\u00e9 pour des frappes cibl\u00e9es, notamment sur le site hautement prot\u00e9g\u00e9 d\u2019enrichissement d\u2019uranium de Fordow. Il qualifie une \u00e9ventuelle frappe am\u00e9ricaine de \u00ab raisonnable \u00bb et affirme avoir partag\u00e9 son opinion avec le pr\u00e9sident Trump. Sa position refl\u00e8te une frange du Parti r\u00e9publicain favorable \u00e0 un changement de r\u00e9gime \u00e0 T\u00e9h\u00e9ran, \u00e0 travers une pression maximale et une intervention militaire potentielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019interview explosive avec Tucker Carlson<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conflit sur les connaissances et la strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
\n

Dans une interview du 18 juin 2025, le s\u00e9nateur Cruz a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u00ab Isra\u00ebl a men\u00e9 l\u2019attaque, mais nous (les \u00c9tats-Unis) les avons soutenus. \u00bb Ces propos contredisent les affirmations des responsables de la Maison Blanche, qui nient toute implication am\u00e9ricaine dans les frappes isra\u00e9liennes sur des sites iraniens. Cruz a ainsi confirm\u00e9 l\u2019implication indirecte des troupes am\u00e9ricaines, notamment pour emp\u00eacher les repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prise de position en faveur d\u2019une action militaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz est un fervent d\u00e9fenseur d\u2019une ligne dure contre l\u2019Iran. Il a plaid\u00e9 pour des frappes cibl\u00e9es, notamment sur le site hautement prot\u00e9g\u00e9 d\u2019enrichissement d\u2019uranium de Fordow. Il qualifie une \u00e9ventuelle frappe am\u00e9ricaine de \u00ab raisonnable \u00bb et affirme avoir partag\u00e9 son opinion avec le pr\u00e9sident Trump. Sa position refl\u00e8te une frange du Parti r\u00e9publicain favorable \u00e0 un changement de r\u00e9gime \u00e0 T\u00e9h\u00e9ran, \u00e0 travers une pression maximale et une intervention militaire potentielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019interview explosive avec Tucker Carlson<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conflit sur les connaissances et la strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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Soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dans une interview du 18 juin 2025, le s\u00e9nateur Cruz a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u00ab Isra\u00ebl a men\u00e9 l\u2019attaque, mais nous (les \u00c9tats-Unis) les avons soutenus. \u00bb Ces propos contredisent les affirmations des responsables de la Maison Blanche, qui nient toute implication am\u00e9ricaine dans les frappes isra\u00e9liennes sur des sites iraniens. Cruz a ainsi confirm\u00e9 l\u2019implication indirecte des troupes am\u00e9ricaines, notamment pour emp\u00eacher les repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prise de position en faveur d\u2019une action militaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz est un fervent d\u00e9fenseur d\u2019une ligne dure contre l\u2019Iran. Il a plaid\u00e9 pour des frappes cibl\u00e9es, notamment sur le site hautement prot\u00e9g\u00e9 d\u2019enrichissement d\u2019uranium de Fordow. Il qualifie une \u00e9ventuelle frappe am\u00e9ricaine de \u00ab raisonnable \u00bb et affirme avoir partag\u00e9 son opinion avec le pr\u00e9sident Trump. Sa position refl\u00e8te une frange du Parti r\u00e9publicain favorable \u00e0 un changement de r\u00e9gime \u00e0 T\u00e9h\u00e9ran, \u00e0 travers une pression maximale et une intervention militaire potentielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019interview explosive avec Tucker Carlson<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conflit sur les connaissances et la strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 10 of 12 1 … 9 10 11 12
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L\u2019aveu de Ted Cruz : qu\u2019a-t-il r\u00e9ellement dit ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dans une interview du 18 juin 2025, le s\u00e9nateur Cruz a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u00ab Isra\u00ebl a men\u00e9 l\u2019attaque, mais nous (les \u00c9tats-Unis) les avons soutenus. \u00bb Ces propos contredisent les affirmations des responsables de la Maison Blanche, qui nient toute implication am\u00e9ricaine dans les frappes isra\u00e9liennes sur des sites iraniens. Cruz a ainsi confirm\u00e9 l\u2019implication indirecte des troupes am\u00e9ricaines, notamment pour emp\u00eacher les repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prise de position en faveur d\u2019une action militaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz est un fervent d\u00e9fenseur d\u2019une ligne dure contre l\u2019Iran. Il a plaid\u00e9 pour des frappes cibl\u00e9es, notamment sur le site hautement prot\u00e9g\u00e9 d\u2019enrichissement d\u2019uranium de Fordow. Il qualifie une \u00e9ventuelle frappe am\u00e9ricaine de \u00ab raisonnable \u00bb et affirme avoir partag\u00e9 son opinion avec le pr\u00e9sident Trump. Sa position refl\u00e8te une frange du Parti r\u00e9publicain favorable \u00e0 un changement de r\u00e9gime \u00e0 T\u00e9h\u00e9ran, \u00e0 travers une pression maximale et une intervention militaire potentielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019interview explosive avec Tucker Carlson<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Conflit sur les connaissances et la strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019entretien entre Cruz et Carlson a marqu\u00e9 un tournant dans les tensions internes au sein du mouvement MAGA. Carlson, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 toute implication militaire \u00e9trang\u00e8re, a interrog\u00e9 Cruz sur ses connaissances de base concernant l\u2019Iran, comme la population ou la composition religieuse. Cruz a reconnu ne pas conna\u00eetre ces donn\u00e9es, ce \u00e0 quoi Carlson a r\u00e9pondu : \u00ab Vous ne connaissez m\u00eame pas la population du pays que vous voulez d\u00e9truire ? \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet \u00e9change r\u00e9v\u00e8le une inqui\u00e9tude plus large sur le manque de comp\u00e9tence ou de compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9lus qui plaident pour la guerre, et soul\u00e8ve des questions fondamentales sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de telles prises de position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accusations de bellicisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Carlson a accus\u00e9 Cruz et d\u2019autres alli\u00e9s de Trump de chercher \u00e0 entra\u00eener les \u00c9tats-Unis dans un conflit co\u00fbteux. Il a m\u00eame cit\u00e9 des figures m\u00e9diatiques comme Sean Hannity et Rupert Murdoch comme appartenant \u00e0 une clique de \u00ab fauteurs de guerre \u00bb qui poussent \u00e0 un affrontement avec l\u2019Iran. Cruz a d\u00e9fendu sa position, tout en \u00e9tant critiqu\u00e9 pour avoir m\u00e9lang\u00e9 convictions religieuses et strat\u00e9gie militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justifications religieuses et id\u00e9ologiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le soutien \u00e9vang\u00e9lique \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cruz a reconnu que les croyances \u00e9vang\u00e9liques chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9taient un facteur majeur dans le soutien \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019opposition au r\u00e9gime iranien. Il a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie dispensationaliste et la promesse biblique selon laquelle \u00ab ceux qui b\u00e9nissent Isra\u00ebl seront b\u00e9nis \u00bb. Cette interpr\u00e9tation religieuse influence fortement les politiques am\u00e9ricaines au Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications sur la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la foi reste un moteur pour certains responsables politiques, les critiques soulignent que cela risque d\u2019\u00e9loigner les d\u00e9cisions des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une politique fond\u00e9e sur une id\u00e9ologie ou une th\u00e9ologie peut mener \u00e0 des conflits sans strat\u00e9gie claire ni issue r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences politiques et divisions internes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une fracture au sein du Parti r\u00e9publicain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La position belliciste de Cruz s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la prudence exprim\u00e9e par d\u2019autres r\u00e9publicains, y compris au Texas. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 Cruz appelle au changement de r\u00e9gime, d\u2019autres pr\u00f4nent la diplomatie et mettent en garde contre une nouvelle guerre sans fin. Steve Bannon, ancien strat\u00e8ge de Trump, a critiqu\u00e9 les interventions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, estimant qu\u2019elles affaiblissent la coalition MAGA et d\u00e9tournent l\u2019attention des priorit\u00e9s int\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 de Trump<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Trump lui-m\u00eame reste ind\u00e9cis. Il envisage, entre autres, de fournir \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl une bombe anti-bunker pour d\u00e9truire les installations nucl\u00e9aires enterr\u00e9es de l\u2019Iran, tout en d\u00e9clarant publiquement : \u00ab Je le ferai peut-\u00eatre, ou peut-\u00eatre pas. \u00bb Cette position refl\u00e8te les d\u00e9bats internes au sein de son \u00e9quipe. Trump a par ailleurs rejet\u00e9 les critiques de Carlson sur Cruz en les qualifiant de \u00ab loufoques \u00bb, illustrant la complexit\u00e9 des rapports de force dans son entourage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compr\u00e9hension du public et ses limites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une ignorance largement r\u00e9pandue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu, l\u2019Iran reste mal connu du grand public. En 2020, seulement 23 % des Am\u00e9ricains interrog\u00e9s pouvaient localiser l\u2019Iran sur une carte. Cela met en lumi\u00e8re le d\u00e9calage entre l\u2019opinion publique et la compr\u00e9hension des politiques internationales, et soul\u00e8ve des doutes sur la qualit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat d\u00e9mocratique autour de l\u2019engagement militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les derniers d\u00e9veloppements en 2025<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Depuis juin 2025, Isra\u00ebl a intensifi\u00e9 ses attaques contre des cibles militaires iraniennes, notamment le site fortifi\u00e9 de Fordow. L\u2019Iran a r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 en bombardant des villes isra\u00e9liennes et en lan\u00e7ant des missiles contre des bases et troupes am\u00e9ricaines dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des projets d\u2019assassinats pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Des rumeurs font \u00e9tat de tentatives iraniennes d\u2019assassiner Donald Trump, bien que ces all\u00e9gations restent contest\u00e9es. Des responsables isra\u00e9liens ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 publiquement l\u2019\u00e9limination du guide supr\u00eame iranien, aggravant encore les tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La posture militaire des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des navires de guerre et des avions de chasse suppl\u00e9mentaires au Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilisation souligne leur niveau de pr\u00e9paration, alors que le Congr\u00e8s reste divis\u00e9 sur une autorisation formelle d\u2019action militaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention am\u00e9ricaine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Risque d\u2019escalade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une implication directe des \u00c9tats-Unis pourrait transformer le conflit en une guerre r\u00e9gionale, avec des milices pro-iraniennes d\u00e9stabilisant les \u00c9tats voisins. Le risque de repr\u00e9sailles iraniennes contre les troupes ou alli\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019absence de consensus clair au sein du gouvernement am\u00e9ricain et entre ses alli\u00e9s complique les efforts diplomatiques tout en nourrissant les pr\u00e9paratifs militaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences humanitaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une escalade entra\u00eenerait de lourdes pertes civiles des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s : morts, bless\u00e9s, d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s et souffrances humanitaires accrues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aveu du s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz concernant le soutien am\u00e9ricain aux frappes isra\u00e9liennes contre l\u2019Iran expose les contradictions de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine. Sa position militariste, teint\u00e9e de convictions religieuses, contraste avec la prudence d\u2019autres voix et r\u00e9v\u00e8le les fractures internes du Parti r\u00e9publicain et du mouvement MAGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis se trouvent \u00e0 un carrefour d\u00e9cisif : entre la mont\u00e9e des tensions, les choix incertains de Trump, et la pression des faucons, les d\u00e9cisions prises dans les semaines \u00e0 venir pourraient d\u00e9terminer l\u2019avenir du conflit Isra\u00ebl-Iran, la position g\u00e9opolitique des \u00c9tats-Unis, et les chances de paix ou de guerre dans l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les plus explosives au monde.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Isra\u00ebl contr\u00f4le-t-il l\u2019Am\u00e9rique ? Analyse de l\u2019aveu controvers\u00e9 de Ted Cruz sur l\u2019implication des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les frappes contre l\u2019Iran","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"israel-controle-t-il-lamerique-analyse-de-laveu-controverse-de-ted-cruz-sur-limplication-des-etats-unis-dans-les-frappes-contre-liran","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_modified_gmt":"2025-06-28 10:50:31","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=8094","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":7845,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_date_gmt":"2025-05-25 14:57:07","post_content":"\n

Un agent \u00e9tranger qatari a vers\u00e9 environ 30 000 dollars aux comit\u00e9s de campagne du s\u00e9nateur Lindsey Graham (R-SC) entre 2020 et 2025. Pendant cette p\u00e9riode, le bureau de Graham a accord\u00e9 un acc\u00e8s important au cabinet de lobbying de cet agent afin de soutenir les int\u00e9r\u00eats du Qatar. Cela comprenait plus de 131 \u00e9changes entre le bureau du s\u00e9nateur et l\u2019agent qatari, ainsi que des r\u00e9unions en personne et des appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec Graham lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette dynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement illustr\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Selon une analyse du Washington Examiner<\/em> fond\u00e9e sur des centaines de documents publics, les agents \u00e9trangers actifs du Qatar ont vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 700 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 d\u2019autres responsables gouvernementaux depuis 2020, tout en entretenant des canaux de communication ouverts et un acc\u00e8s direct avec des l\u00e9gislateurs influents \u2013 souvent les m\u00eames auxquels ils faisaient des dons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une \u00e9tude universitaire de 2018 a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que lorsque des sujets importants pour les lobbyistes sont au centre du processus politique, ces derniers augmentent leurs contributions aux comit\u00e9s et parlementaires concern\u00e9s. Une autre \u00e9tude de 2015 a \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un don \u00e0 un membre du Congr\u00e8s augmentait l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son bureau, indiquant que ces paiements de lobbying pourraient \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s par le d\u00e9sir d\u2019influencer la politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew King, un agent \u00e9tranger qatari qui a fait d\u2019importants dons aux comit\u00e9s d\u2019action politique (PAC) de Graham, entretient des liens bien plus profonds que financiers avec le s\u00e9nateur de Caroline du Sud. Avant de fonder Neale Creek, une entreprise de relations gouvernementales et de conseil politique, King a travaill\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 20 ans dans le bureau de Graham, o\u00f9 il supervisait notamment les affaires du Moyen-Orient. En plus de ses propres dons politiques, King est tr\u00e9sorier et cofondateur du PAC 150, qui a vers\u00e9 des milliers de dollars \u00e0 Graham ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 d'autres membres du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des documents d\u00e9pos\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s du D\u00e9partement de la Justice am\u00e9ricain, King et Neale Creek ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s accord\u00e9 par les bureaux du Congr\u00e8s pour promouvoir<\/a> les affaires avec l\u2019\u00c9tat du Qatar. L'\u00c9tat d'origine de Graham, la Caroline du Sud, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'investissements significatifs en provenance du Qatar. Toutefois, la base de donn\u00e9es de la loi sur l\u2019enregistrement des agents \u00e9trangers (FARA) du DOJ ne contient pas les documents sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e9chang\u00e9s entre Neale Creek et les repr\u00e9sentants du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019influence de Neale Creek d\u00e9passe le seul bureau de Graham. Depuis 2020, l\u2019entreprise a rencontr\u00e9 des interlocuteurs du Congr\u00e8s en personne, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, email et messages textes, et a vers\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 180 000 dollars \u00e0 des membres du Congr\u00e8s et \u00e0 des PAC affili\u00e9s. Les agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par Rubin Turnbull & Associates ont, ensemble, effectu\u00e9 les contributions les plus importantes aux groupes politiques, pour un montant d\u2019environ 225 000 dollars depuis 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si les communications de Neale Creek et King avec les membres du Congr\u00e8s ne sont pas enti\u00e8rement publiques, les documents issus d\u2019autres entreprises repr\u00e9sentant le Qatar apportent certains \u00e9clairages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, des documents diffus\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers qataris employ\u00e9s par le cabinet Venable minimisent les liens de l\u2019\u00e9mirat avec les groupes terroristes tout en mettant en avant les avantages des investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son fonds souverain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019un de ces documents pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques indique, par exemple, que le Qatar est \u00ab un membre fondateur de la Coalition mondiale contre Daech \u00bb, mais ne mentionne pas que le fondateur d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda \u2013 pr\u00e9curseur de Daech \u2013 a trouv\u00e9 refuge en Irak gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la famille royale qatarie. De plus, le monarque qatari a fourni des passeports qataris ainsi qu\u2019un soutien financier d\u2019un million de dollars \u00e0 des militants d\u2019Al-Qa\u00efda en Irak. Le Qatar est \u00e9galement l\u2019une des principales sources de financement du Hamas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme Neale Creek, Venable verse aussi d\u2019importantes contributions aux membres du Congr\u00e8s qu\u2019il cherche ensuite \u00e0 influencer. Les documents de financement de campagnes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que, depuis 2020, le PAC du cabinet a vers\u00e9 des dizaines de milliers de dollars \u00e0 des entit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es aux dirigeants du Congr\u00e8s, toutes tendances politiques confondues.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Des dons de lobbyistes qataris soul\u00e8vent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques au Capitole","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"des-dons-de-lobbyistes-qataris-soulevent-des-preoccupations-ethiques-au-capitole","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-26 14:58:17","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=7845","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_date_gmt":"2022-09-28 21:01:41","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des plages phosphorescentes qui brillent dans le noir. La premi\u00e8re piste de ski en plein air du golfe Persique. Des milliards d'arbres plant\u00e9s dans un pays domin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sert. Des trains qui l\u00e9vitent. Le taux le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de restaurants \u00e9toil\u00e9s par habitant. Des taxis volants propuls\u00e9s par des drones. Une lune artificielle. Une ville sans voiture et sans carbone construite en ligne droite au milieu du d\u00e9sert sur plus de 170 km. Des coccinelles-robots qui nettoient les maisons des r\u00e9sidents. Cette ville supplante la Silicon Valley en mati\u00e8re de technologie, Hollywood en mati\u00e8re de divertissement et la C\u00f4te d'Azur comme destination de vacances[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Le tout aliment\u00e9 par une \u00e9nergie 100% renouvelable. Trop beau pour \u00eatre vrai ? Peut-\u00eatre pas : Neom promet d'\u00eatre un \"projet pour demain dans lequel l'humanit\u00e9 progresse sans compromettre la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\"[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un r\u00eave audacieux, ambitieux et \u00e9poustouflant de \"nouveau futur, celui de l'innovation dans les affaires, de la vivabilit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9<\/em>\" - NEOM (arabe : \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le prince saoudien Mohammad bin Salman en 2017 lors de l'explication du projet Vision 2030[3]<\/sup><\/a>, le plan visant \u00e0 la diversification \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du pays, qui lui permettra de ne plus d\u00e9pendre du p\u00e9trole. La ville \u00e9cologique sera construite sur les rives de la mer Rouge, dans le d\u00e9sert au nord-ouest de l'Arabie saoudite, dans la province de Tabuk, s'\u00e9tendant vers l'\u00c9gypte et la Jordanie (reliant ainsi l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe), couvrant une superficie totale de plus de 26 500 km2 - une zone plus grande que l'ensemble du Kowe\u00eft ou d'Isra\u00ebl. Il co\u00fbtera plus de 500 milliards USD, financ\u00e9s par l'\u00c9tat et des investisseurs locaux et internationaux[4]<\/sup><\/a>. En 2018, l'\u00c9gypte a annonc\u00e9 qu'elle contribuait en vendant certains terrains[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEOM (qui signifie le \"nouvel avenir\"[6]<\/sup><\/a>) n'est pas seulement un lieu, c'est un \u00e9tat d'esprit. Il est con\u00e7u, construit et administr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que les infrastructures \u00e9conomiques et environnementales ne soient pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9es. La ville est con\u00e7ue pour atteindre quatre objectifs majeurs: 1) diversifier l'\u00e9conomie saoudienne et s'assurer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans le d\u00e9veloppement mondial; 2) devenir le domicile, le lieu de travail et le nouvel avenir de plus d'un million de personnes dans le monde; 3) introduire un nouveau mod\u00e8le de durabilit\u00e9 urbaine et fixer de nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, de protection de l'environnement et d'utilisation efficace et productive de la technologie; 4) inclure des centres de recherche, des sites de sport et de divertissement, des destinations touristiques - le tout \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle humaine: habitabilit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 totale: des cam\u00e9ras, des drones et des technologies de reconnaissance faciale sont pr\u00e9vus pour suivre tout le monde \u00e0 tout moment[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est divis\u00e9 en trois parties: THE LINE - une ville moderne con\u00e7ue dans le respect total de la nature; OXAGON - sa ville de fabrication et d'innovation ; TROJENA - la destination touristique de montagne qui offrira le premier ski en plein air du Golfe arabe. Tout sera g\u00e9r\u00e9 par deux filiales de NEOM: ENOWA, la filiale de Neom cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2022 qui s'occupe d'\u00e9nergie, d'eau et d'hydrog\u00e8ne, et NEOM Tech & Digital Company[9]<\/sup><\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 holding NEOM Company d\u00e9veloppe le projet et est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par le Fonds d'investissement public (PIF), le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plateforme XVRS[11]<\/sup><\/a> qui sous-tend toutes les fonctions et tous les services de NEOM a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement annonc\u00e9e en f\u00e9vrier dernier \u00e0 Riyad, lors de LEAP 2022, le forum qui se veut le point de rencontre des plus grands groupes TECH internationaux. XVRS, fruit d'un investissement important de Neom Tech & Digital Co, sera test\u00e9 \u00e0 Neom et pourra \u00eatre achet\u00e9 par d'autres entreprises ou villes qui souhaitent adopter le mod\u00e8le saoudien d'\"humanisme technologique\", pour mettre en \u0153uvre des fonctions et des services. Malgr\u00e9 les doutes soulev\u00e9s par le projet, l'attente de sa r\u00e9alisation est tr\u00e8s forte[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Son PDG est Nadhmi Al-Nasr, qui a plus de 30 ans d'exp\u00e9rience chez Saudi Aramco[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Line - la ville verticale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le site de la nouvelle ville futuriste - NEOM[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La partie habit\u00e9e de Neom, qui peut accueillir jusqu'\u00e0 9 millions de personnes, sera construite en couches et en niveaux - une ligne droite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9sert, large de 200 m\u00e8tres seulement et \u00e0 500 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer, mais longue de 170 km. Pas de voitures, pas de routes, tout sera aliment\u00e9 par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 100% et 95% des terrains seront accessibles \u00e0 pied[15]<\/sup><\/a>. La ville verte verticale au climat id\u00e9al sera construite pour l'homme et autour de l'homme - plus heureux, plus prosp\u00e8re: 380 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s d'ici 2030, et de nombreux co\u00fbts (tels que les assurances et l'entretien des voitures, l'essence, le stationnement, etc.) n'existeront pas. La ville qui favorise l'\u00e9ducation, la recherche et l'innovation; ici, les personnes talentueuses seront les bienvenues[16]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali Shihabi, ancien banquier et fondateur de la Fondation Arabia, qui est membre du conseil consultatif de Neom depuis 2020[17]<\/sup><\/a>, explique que The Line sera construite par \u00e9tapes, bloc par bloc. \"Les gens disent que c'est un projet fou qui va co\u00fbter des milliards, mais il sera construit module par module pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande.<\/em>\" \u00c0 l'instar des \"super-blocs\" sans circulation de Barcelone, chaque place sera autosuffisante et contiendra des services tels que des magasins et des \u00e9coles, de sorte que tout ce dont vous avez besoin se trouve \u00e0 cinq minutes \u00e0 pied ou \u00e0 v\u00e9lo[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Une fois termin\u00e9e, la ligne sera parcourue par des trains hyper rapides, avec un temps de trajet maximum de 20 minutes. Les services automatis\u00e9s seront g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'intelligence artificielle[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le prince Mohammad bin Salman, pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration de NEOM, \"THE LINE permettra de relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels l'humanit\u00e9 est confront\u00e9e aujourd'hui dans la vie urbaine et mettra en lumi\u00e8re des modes de vie alternatifs. Nous ne pouvons pas ignorer les crises de l'environnement et de l'habitabilit\u00e9 qui frappent les villes du monde entier. NEOM est \u00e0 l'avant-garde de la recherche de solutions nouvelles et imaginatives pour r\u00e9soudre ces probl\u00e8mes. NEOM dirige une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e des esprits les plus brillants dans les domaines de l'architecture, de l'ing\u00e9nierie et de la construction pour faire de l'id\u00e9e de construire vers le haut une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>\"[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxagon - la ville flottante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de l'Oxagon, presque toute dans la mer[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OXAGON: la premi\u00e8re ville flottante sur l'eau - Le port et la plateforme logistique de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de NEOM, enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s, seront un lieu o\u00f9 les innovateurs et les entrepreneurs pourront acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le passage des id\u00e9es des laboratoires aux march\u00e9s; les usines du futur pour les produits du futur seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es ici. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement physique et num\u00e9rique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e offrira une connectivit\u00e9 portuaire et a\u00e9roportuaire mondiale in\u00e9gal\u00e9e[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Sept secteurs innovants: l'\u00e9nergie durable, la mobilit\u00e9 autonome, l'innovation dans le domaine de l'eau, la production alimentaire durable, la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, la technologie et la fabrication num\u00e9riques (y compris les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, la technologie spatiale et la robotique) et les m\u00e9thodes de construction modernes, tous aliment\u00e9s par une \u00e9nergie 100 % propre et neutre en carbone[23]<\/sup><\/a>. Ils l'appellent l'industrie 4.0<\/em>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le prince saoudien bin Salman est enthousiaste \u00e0 ce sujet: \"OXAGON sera le catalyseur de la croissance \u00e9conomique et de la diversit\u00e9 dans le NEOM et le Royaume, ce qui nous permettra de r\u00e9aliser nos ambitions dans le cadre de Vision 2030. OXAGON contribuera \u00e0 red\u00e9finir l'approche globale du d\u00e9veloppement industriel \u00e0 l'avenir, en prot\u00e9geant l'environnement tout en cr\u00e9ant des emplois et de la croissance pour les NEOM. Il contribuera au commerce r\u00e9gional de l'Arabie saoudite et cr\u00e9era un nouveau point de convergence pour les flux commerciaux mondiaux. Cette nouvelle ville, construite autour de nouvelles industries innovantes, a commenc\u00e9 son d\u00e9veloppement et nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de son expansion rapide<\/em>\"[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des investisseurs qui croient au r\u00eave du prince et veulent lancer leurs propres projets au sein de l'Oxagon, en cr\u00e9ant des usines dot\u00e9es des derni\u00e8res technologies d'intelligence artificielle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plus grande structure flottante du monde (plus de 7 km) est id\u00e9alement situ\u00e9e sur la mer Rouge, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du canal de Suez, la porte d'entr\u00e9e pour la circulation des marchandises entre l'Europe et l'Asie, par laquelle transite environ 13% du commerce mondial[26]<\/sup><\/a>. Au c\u0153ur d'OXAGON se trouvera l'adoption de technologies de pointe telles que l'Internet des objets (IoT), la fusion homme-machine, l'intelligence artificielle et pr\u00e9dictive et la robotique, le tout coupl\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de centres de distribution enti\u00e8rement automatis\u00e9s et de v\u00e9hicules autonomes de livraison du dernier kilom\u00e8tre[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur la c\u00f4te de la mer Rouge, Neom a annonc\u00e9 une collaboration avec Kaust Innovation (un centre saoudien de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en technologie de pointe[28]<\/sup><\/a>) pour le plus grand projet de restauration de r\u00e9cifs coralliens au monde[29]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d'OXAGON est en bonne voie et des plans pour de grandes installations de production sont en cours. Ces installations comprennent le plus grand projet d'hydrog\u00e8ne vert du monde (5 milliards de dollars), auquel participent Air Products, ACWA Power et NEOM[30]<\/sup><\/a>; l'usine de construction modulaire la plus grande et la plus avanc\u00e9e du monde (Gulf Development International Ltd[31]<\/sup><\/a>) et le plus grand centre de donn\u00e9es hyperscale de la r\u00e9gion, une coentreprise entre FAS Energy Co. et NEOM[32]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est ici, \u00e0 Oxagon, que sera install\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me unique de dessalement de l'eau de mer qui fournira (d\u00e8s 2023) une eau pure et potable, le tout aliment\u00e9 \u00e0 100 % par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (solaire et \u00e9olienne), construit par Enowa, le japonais Itochu et le g\u00e9ant fran\u00e7ais Veolia[33]<\/sup><\/a>. Les premiers locataires productifs seront accueillis d\u00e8s la fin de l'ann\u00e9e 2022[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Sur les 48 km2 d'Oxagon, 90 000 personnes vivront (les premi\u00e8res en 2024) et 70 000 emplois seront cr\u00e9\u00e9s[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - les montagnes de NEOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trojena - une destination unique au monde<\/sub><\/strong>[36]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trojena fait partie du plan r\u00e9gional NEOM et est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 50 km de la c\u00f4te du Golfe d'Aqaba, avec une altitude comprise entre 1500 et 2600 m\u00e8tres et une superficie de pr\u00e8s de 60 km2. La zone la plus fascinante de Neom offrira des exp\u00e9riences uniques : il y aura six districts de d\u00e9veloppement (Gateway, Discover, Valley, Explore, Relax and Fun[37]<\/sup><\/a>) organis\u00e9s autour de structures architecturales r\u00e9elles et virtuelles[38]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet, qui proposera toute l'ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de ski de plein air, de sports d'aventure, de sports nautiques, de randonn\u00e9e, de VTT et un luxueux village vertical de haute technologie (le \"Vault\") autour d'un magnifique lac d'eau douce, sera achev\u00e9 en 2026. Le complexe comprendra des appartements, des chalets et des villas, ainsi que des h\u00f4tels allant de l'ultra-luxe \u00e0 l'exp\u00e9rience, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la famille. En outre, il y aura un large \u00e9ventail de commerces, de loisirs et de restaurants. TROJENA pr\u00e9voit d'attirer 700 000 visiteurs et 700 r\u00e9sidents permanents d'ici 2030[39]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En mars 2022, Mohammed Bin Salman, l'a d\u00e9crit comme suit: \"TROJENA red\u00e9finira le tourisme de montagne dans le monde en cr\u00e9ant un lieu bas\u00e9 sur les principes de l'\u00e9cotourisme, en soulignant nos efforts pour pr\u00e9server la nature et am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie de la communaut\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs de la Vision 2030 du Royaume. Elle confirme \u00e9galement notre engagement \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l'effort mondial de protection de l'environnement. TROJENA sera un atout important pour le tourisme dans la r\u00e9gion, un exemple unique de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Arabie saoudite cr\u00e9e des destinations bas\u00e9es sur sa diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique et environnementale. Cette vision prospective permettra de garantir que le tourisme de montagne repr\u00e9sente une autre source de revenus pour soutenir la diversification \u00e9conomique du Royaume, tout en pr\u00e9servant ses ressources naturelles pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures<\/em>\"[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Questions tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti a mis en ligne des vid\u00e9os dans lesquelles il disait s'attendre \u00e0 \u00eatre tu\u00e9[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le projet est fabuleux, moderne, innovant, mais il y a toujours un \"mais\". Sous le vernis du luxe se cache une histoire de menaces, d'expulsions forc\u00e9es et d'effusions de sang[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Le site sera construit sur les terres de l'ancienne tribu Huwaitat (ou Howeitat), une tribu b\u00e9douine fi\u00e8re, ancienne et traditionnellement nomade qui vit depuis des centaines d'ann\u00e9es des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la fronti\u00e8re arabo-jordanienne et dans la p\u00e9ninsule du Sina\u00ef. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l'histoire comme des guerriers intr\u00e9pides, ils ont combattu aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de T. E. Lawrence lors de la r\u00e9volte arabe de 1917, qui les a mentionn\u00e9s dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9piques, Seven Pillars of Wisdom[43]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pour la tribu Huwaitat, Neom est construit sur notre sang, sur nos os<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la militante Alia Hayel Aboutiyah al-Huwaiti. \"Ce n'est certainement pas pour les personnes qui y vivent d\u00e9j\u00e0! C'est pour les touristes, pour les gens qui ont de l'argent. Mais pas pour les gens qui y vivent<\/em>\"[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Le projet promet de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des richesses dans cette r\u00e9gion sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, mais jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la population locale n'en a vu aucun avantage[45]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des semaines apr\u00e8s l'annonce de Neom en 2017, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion sont all\u00e9s voir le gouverneur r\u00e9gional pour lui demander s'ils seraient relocalis\u00e9s - il a r\u00e9pondu qu'il ne pouvait pas les aider. Ce n'est pas rare dans le Royaume - le d\u00e9placement des r\u00e9sidents dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat des projets de travaux publics. En 2017, les Nations unies ont condamn\u00e9 la d\u00e9molition forc\u00e9e de la ville fortifi\u00e9e d'Awamia, dans la r\u00e9gion orientale de Qatif, comme une violation des droits de l'homme. Karima Bennoune, rapporteur sp\u00e9cial des Nations unies sur les droits culturels, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \"les b\u00e2timents historiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement br\u00fbl\u00e9s et endommag\u00e9s par l'utilisation de diverses armes par les militaires, obligeant les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 quitter leurs maisons et leur quartier, fuyant pour sauver leur vie<\/em>\"[46]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conseil a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que certains des r\u00e9sidents pourraient peut-\u00eatre rester s'ils \u00e9taient recycl\u00e9s pour avoir les comp\u00e9tences appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 Neom. Les personnes concern\u00e9es recevront des compensations et des avantages, ainsi que de \"nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" dans le royaume[47]<\/sup><\/a>, y compris un programme de bourses pour \"acqu\u00e9rir les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire partie de la vision de Neom<\/em>\", selon les d\u00e9clarations officielles[48]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Panneaux photovolta\u00efques dans le d\u00e9sert d'Huwaitat[49]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de Neom, le gouvernement saoudien a supprim\u00e9 deux villes et d\u00e9plac\u00e9 de force 20 000 membres de la tribu Huwaitat, sans compensation[50]<\/sup><\/a>. Un plan de relocalisation \u00e9tabli par le Boston Consulting Group pr\u00e9voyait une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance jusqu'en 2025. Press\u00e9 par Mohammed Bin Salman de faire vite, la date a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 2022. Les habitants disent qu'ils n'ont entendu que des rumeurs. Certains disent que le d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement serait d\u00e9vastateur. \"Vous d\u00e9membrez une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8re. Pour nous, c'est comme mourir<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l'un d'entre eux[51]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En avril 2020, un fonctionnaire du minist\u00e8re des Finances[52]<\/sup><\/a> a refus\u00e9 d'\u00eatre expuls\u00e9 de sa maison \u00e0 Tabuk et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 poster des vid\u00e9os en ligne. Quelques jours plus tard, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattu par les forces de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 saoudiennes, comme il l'avait pr\u00e9dit dans l'une de ses vid\u00e9os[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Plusieurs autres membres de tribus b\u00e9douines, qui poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des armes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour avoir diffus\u00e9 des slogans contre le d\u00e9placement et pour avoir refus\u00e9 de signer des documents de relocalisation[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une militante saoudienne des droits de l'homme, Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, qui vit aujourd'hui \u00e0 Londres, affirme avoir re\u00e7u des menaces de mort par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone pour avoir sensibilis\u00e9 l'opinion internationale au sujet de la ville futuriste de Neom. Mme Alhwaiti a ajout\u00e9 qu'elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e de subir \"le m\u00eame sort que Jamal Khashoggi<\/em>\"[55]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment les choses sont vraiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Image satellite d'une place du projet Neom dans le d\u00e9sert (octobre 2020)[56]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site web de Neom affirme que la premi\u00e8re phase du projet sera achev\u00e9e en 2025[57]<\/sup><\/a>. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour l'instant, est plus modeste. Une image satellite montre actuellement qu'une seule place a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite dans le d\u00e9sert. En plus des rang\u00e9es de maisons, il y a deux piscines et un terrain de football. Ali Shihabi affirme que c'est le camp du personnel de Neom, mais nous ne sommes pas sur place pour le v\u00e9rifier[58]<\/sup><\/a>. La plus grande inqui\u00e9tude concerne la durabilit\u00e9 du projet: sera-t-elle vraiment \"la ville la plus autosuffisante du monde en mati\u00e8re d'alimentation\"? Le projet pr\u00e9voit l'utilisation de serres et la culture verticale, une id\u00e9e r\u00e9volutionnaire pour un pays dont seulement 1,5% de la superficie totale est class\u00e9e comme arable et qui importe actuellement plus de 80% de sa nourriture. Idem pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables: le projet pr\u00e9voit que 50% de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 proviendra de sources renouvelables d'ici 2030, mais en 2019, seulement 0,1% de l'\u00e9nergie a \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re propre[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les critiques affirment que le projet s'adresse principalement aux riches. Des palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour la famille royale, et des images satellites montrent un h\u00e9liport et un terrain de golf. Ali Shihabi affirme que la ville accueillera tout le monde, \"des travailleurs aux milliardaires<\/em>\", mais admet que ce n'est pas ainsi qu'elle est per\u00e7ue: \"le probl\u00e8me de Neom est qu'elle a \u00e9chou\u00e9 dans sa strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/em>\", dit-il. \"Les gens pensent que c'est juste un jouet pour les gens riches<\/em>\"[60]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont longtemps \u00e9vit\u00e9 d'investir dans le pays en raison d'un syst\u00e8me juridique opaque, impr\u00e9visible et fond\u00e9 sur la religion, de la corruption et des restrictions sociales qui interdisent l'alcool et exigent que les femmes aient la permission d'un parent masculin pour voyager. Le prince bin Salman a constat\u00e9 que ces structures \u00e9taient si bien ancr\u00e9es qu'il \u00e9tait plus facile de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle ville avec de nouvelles lois que de modifier les lois existantes. En fait, dans la nouvelle ville, il est propos\u00e9 d'autoriser l'alcool et la t\u00eate nue des femmes, ce qui est une proposition surprenante pour l'Arabie saoudite conservatrice[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La construction de Neom n\u00e9cessite de l'argent que l'Arabie Saoudite n'a pas. Le pays a r\u00e9cemment connu un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire et MBS a mis\u00e9 sur un investissement de 45 milliards de dollars dans un fonds de Softbank Group Corp, une entreprise technologique japonaise[62]<\/sup><\/a>. L'argent pour Neom doit donc provenir de l'\u00e9tranger[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Il faut attirer les grandes entreprises occidentales. En 2017, le conseil d'administration de Neom a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de garantir \u00e0 Tesla Inc. des milliards d'achats annuels aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement en \u00e9change du transfert par Tesla de la production de voitures \u00e0 Neom - et de la vente d'une participation dans le royaume. En 2018, le fonds souverain d'Arabie saoudite a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 2 milliards de dollars pour acheter 5% de Tesla[64]<\/sup><\/a>. Le PDG Elon Musk a ensuite d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu'il allait introduire Tesla en bourse avec l'aide de l'Arabie saoudite, mais il a fait marche arri\u00e8re et a affirm\u00e9 qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de le faire[65]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce jour, le projet a gagn\u00e9 quelques partenaires importants tels que : McLaren Racing (avec un nouveau programme de course \u00e9lectrique), Mercedes-EQ (\u00e9quipe de Formule E, un g\u00e9ant de l'industrie automobile avec des id\u00e9es d'innovations durables), AFC (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration asiatique de football) et OceanX (exploration de parties inaccessibles de l'oc\u00e9an, pour pr\u00e9server les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la mer Rouge)[66]<\/sup><\/a>. En bref, les investisseurs internationaux n'ont pas encore mordu \u00e0 l'hame\u00e7on. Le champ d'application du projet est vaste et la r\u00e9gion dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de centres commerciaux et de transport bien \u00e9tablis \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, \u00e0 Abu Dhabi et au Qatar. Neom est inextricablement li\u00e9 au prince h\u00e9ritier, qui, en tant que dirigeant de facto du royaume, s'est attir\u00e9 les foudres de la guerre saoudienne au Y\u00e9men et de ses liens pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s avec le meurtre du journaliste Jamal Khashoggi[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement construit \u00e0 ce jour: presque rien[68]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Les investisseurs commenceront \u00e0 s'int\u00e9resser lorsque l'infrastructure de base sera op\u00e9rationnelle, afin qu'ils ne prennent pas le risque absolu du green-field<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une source financi\u00e8re famili\u00e8re du projet. En 2017, le PDG du groupe Softbank a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l'entreprise travaillerait avec l'Arabie saoudite pour d\u00e9velopper NEOM[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Le fonds souverain saoudien PIF a investi environ 45 milliards de dollars dans le fonds technologique japonais inaugural de Softbank, dot\u00e9 de 100 milliards de dollars[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La premi\u00e8re phase du projet, qui s'\u00e9tendra jusqu'en 2030, co\u00fbtera 1,2 billion de riyals, dont la moiti\u00e9 environ sera couverte par le Fonds d'investissement public (FIP). Les responsables chercheront \u00e0 lever 600 milliards de riyals suppl\u00e9mentaires aupr\u00e8s d'autres fonds souverains de la r\u00e9gion, d'investisseurs priv\u00e9s en Arabie saoudite et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger, ainsi que par une introduction en bourse de Neom sur le march\u00e9 saoudien[71]<\/sup><\/a>: \"Nous voulons faire entrer l'Arabie saoudite parmi les trois plus grands march\u00e9s boursiers de la plan\u00e8te<\/em>\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le prince Mohammed, ajoutant qu'il s'attend \u00e0 ce que l'introduction en bourse de Neom ait lieu vers 2024[72]<\/sup><\/a> et qu'elle pourrait ajouter plus de 1 000 milliards de riyals \u00e0 la taille du march\u00e9 du royaume. Neom commencera \u00e0 contacter les principaux investisseurs potentiels d'ici la fin de l'ann\u00e9e. Les responsables discutent avec des entreprises \"de toute la plan\u00e8te\" et de nombreuses entreprises chinoises travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur Neom[73]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 son programme Vision 2030, l'Arabie saoudite a promis d'augmenter sa production de p\u00e9trole quelques semaines seulement apr\u00e8s avoir pris des engagements \u00e9cologiques majeurs lors de la conf\u00e9rence sur le climat COP26 de cette ann\u00e9e (qui promettait des \u00e9missions nettes nulles d'ici 2060). Selon le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie, le prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, les Saoudiens ne cesseront pas de pomper: \"Nous serons toujours le dernier homme debout et chaque mol\u00e9cule d'hydrocarbure sortira<\/em>\"[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tout \u00e7a, c'est du blabla. Le prince Bin Salman a beaucoup mis\u00e9, et pas seulement sur le plan financier. Si le projet devait avorter, il est difficile d'imaginer que son pouvoir sortirait intact d'une telle crise, notamment parce que les dettes de plusieurs milliards contract\u00e9es devront de toute fa\u00e7on \u00eatre rembours\u00e9es. Pour lui, il n'y a qu'une seule direction: aller de l'avant, peu importe le prix. Peu importe \u00e0 qui appartient la peau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site del progetto: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-41740626<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/1\/56096\/NEOM-A-new-channel-for-Egyptian-Saudi-cooperation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/v2030\/v2030-projects\/neom\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1443891\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/cognitive.neom.com\/insight\/neom-tech-and-digital-co-unveils-xvrs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1349021\/saudi-arabia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-announces-theline-designs<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/alishihabi.com\/bio\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/theline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lindro.it\/canale-di-suez-ever-given-il-peggior-scenario-del-commercio-mondiale\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/about\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/innovation.kaust.edu.sa\/neom-and-kaust-to-create-worlds-largest-coral-garden\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.airproducts.com\/news-center\/2020\/07\/0707-air-products-agreement-for-green-ammonia-production-facility-for-export-to-hydrogen-market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/neom-agrees-to-1b-giga-factory-with-gulf-development-international-ltd-301305522.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/italianbusinessgroup.net\/it\/neom-il-giga-progetto-saudita\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-oxagon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/oxagon<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> Official web-site: https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/regions\/trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/hrh-prince-announces-trojena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a> ; https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/neom-forms-joint-venture-with-fas-energy-to-develop-data-centers-in-saudi-arabia\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/may\/04\/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moderntreatise.com\/international\/tag\/Huwaitat+tribe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/menarights.org\/en\/caseprofile\/abdul-rahim-al-huwaiti-executed-saudi-special-forces-protesting-forced-eviction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.agcnews.eu\/arabia-saudita-nuovo-problema-per-neom-la-tribu-huwaitat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-52375343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@0,0,0a,22251752.77375655d,35y,0h,0t,0r<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171117200358\/http:\/\/discoverneom.com\/content\/pdfs\/NEOM_FAQS_ENGLISH.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/bestfoodimporters.com\/food-importers-and-food-import-trends-in-saudi-arabia-2020\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/15\/tech\/softbank-stock-saudi-arabia\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/a-princes-500-billion-desert-dream-flying-cars-robot-dinosaurs-and-a-giant-artificial-moon-11564097568<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.neom.com\/en-us\/partners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.artstation.com\/marketplace\/p\/PWyOa\/saudi-arabia-topography-n25e36-neom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-saudi-neom-idUSKBN2AW1HY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/economy\/2021\/12\/06\/PIF-s-partnership-with-SoftBank<\/a> ; https:\/\/agsiw.org\/public-investment-fund-grows-bets-big-on-tech\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.fastcompanyme.com\/news\/saudi-arabia-unveils-plans-for-neom-listing-by-2024-aims-to-be-among-the-top-three-global-stock-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/saudi-prince-plans-80-billion-fund-ipo-for-zero-carbon-city-neom-122072601429_1.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/blogs-trending-59601335<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Le r\u00eave saoudien d'une ville dans le d\u00e9sert","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"le-reve-saoudien-dune-ville-dans-le-desert","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6437","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6397,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-11 22:46:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis un terroriste sans bombes et je n'ai qu'une seule arme, ma musique\"[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est chant\u00e9e par Rim Banna, qui a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies l'esprit de vengeance des femmes de Palestine. D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d'un cancer \u00e0 un peu plus de 50 ans, elle fait partie de ces pertes qui laissent une blessure \u00e0 jamais. Une voix libre, capable d'\u00e9mouvoir le monde entier sans la propagande de l'industrie musicale multinationale. Une voix difficile \u00e0 aimer, pour nous, Occidentaux, habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 des chansonnettes en anglais d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de sens et \u00e0 des mythes f\u00e9minins centr\u00e9s presque exclusivement sur la sexualit\u00e9 et l'image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C'est pourquoi, pour nous Europ\u00e9ens, Rim Banna est une d\u00e9couverte, une merveilleuse figure aux multiples facettes, humble, d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e du succ\u00e8s - une mouche blanche, comme celle chant\u00e9e avec une infinie tendresse par Claudio Lolli dans ce qui fut son album chef-d'\u0153uvre[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Rim s'est \u00e9teinte le 24 mars 2018, apr\u00e8s une vie pass\u00e9e \u00e0 se battre pour le peuple palestinien[3]<\/sup><\/a>, et apr\u00e8s neuf ans de guerre contre un cancer du sein maudit[4]<\/sup><\/a>, affront\u00e9 avec dignit\u00e9 et une \u00e9nergie toute f\u00e9minine : \" Je r\u00e9siste \u00e0 deux cancers : celui de l'occupation et celui \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de mon corps \". Il a envahi mon corps comme l'occupation a envahi notre terre\"[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Des phrases inconcevables, car c'est un sujet tabou pour les femmes arabes[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chanter, les cheveux ras\u00e9s, jusqu'en 2016[7]<\/sup><\/a>, mais sa retraite l'a imprim\u00e9e encore plus fortement dans l'\u00e2me palestinienne[8]<\/sup><\/a>, car son d\u00e9sespoir, depuis la sc\u00e8ne, devient celui d'une population qui n'a plus de r\u00e9el espoir de libert\u00e9, d'ind\u00e9pendance, de bien-\u00eatre[9]<\/sup><\/a>, contre la violence de la colonisation militaire isra\u00e9lienne[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa m\u00e9taphore, celle de la militarisation de l'avanc\u00e9e du cancer, est plus aigu\u00eb que jamais, et les hommes politiques l'ont reprise et transpos\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9bat quotidien[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors de ses fun\u00e9railles, \u00e0 Nazareth, sa ville natale, des milliers d'hommes et de femmes ont chant\u00e9 l'hymne officieux de la Palestine, \"Mawtini, ma patrie\", \u00e9crit par le po\u00e8te Ibrahim Tuqan[12]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>- une des chansons souvent chant\u00e9es par Rim[13]<\/sup><\/a>, une femme chr\u00e9tienne qui unissait tout le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment de l'ethnie et de la croyance religieuse[14]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>. Fille du po\u00e8te Zouhaira Sabbagh, c'est dans une enfance difficile et tr\u00e8s pauvre qu'elle a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la conviction qu'elle devait faire quelque chose pour aider son peuple. Ce quelque chose de petit sur les chemins de terre de Nazareth s'est transform\u00e9 en 13 albums, dont les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sont Dumu'ek ya Ummi (Larmes de ma m\u00e8re, 1986), Al Helm (Le r\u00eave, 1993) et Maraya Al Ruh (Miroirs de l'\u00e2me, 2005), dans lesquels le th\u00e8me dominant est la demande pressante de la fin de l'occupation isra\u00e9lienne de la Palestine[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien s\u00fbr, sa musique est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dans les capitales arabes, d'Amman \u00e0 Bagdad, de Beyrouth \u00e0 Damas[16]<\/sup><\/a>, car elle a donn\u00e9 une m\u00e9lodie et une chanson aux grands po\u00e8tes du Moyen-Orient : Tawfik Zayyad[17]<\/sup><\/a>, Samih Alqassem[18]<\/sup><\/a>, Mahmoud Darwish[19]<\/sup><\/a>  et sa m\u00e8re[20]<\/sup><\/a>, ce qui est encore \u00e9mouvant aujourd'hui et a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 dans le film \"Al-Sabbar\"[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a re\u00e7u le titre d'ambassadrice de la paix de l'Italie et la plus haute distinction en Palestine[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle est l'une des promotrices de la fondation Mariam[23]<\/sup><\/a>, la premi\u00e8re fondation arabe contre le cancer[24]<\/sup><\/a>. Mais tout cela appartient aux ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 elle \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 une ic\u00f4ne, connue dans tout le monde arabophone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim, sur sc\u00e8ne, portant des v\u00eatements traditionnels palestiniens[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa carri\u00e8re artistique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de dix ans, lors des festivals The Land's Day[26]<\/sup><\/a>, en tant que voix d'un groupe folklorique dans les camps de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de Nazareth \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980. Il s'agit de camps de volontaires politiques qui rassemblent des Palestiniens de toute la Palestine, une alternative aux politiques de discrimination et d'oppression du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le chant \u00e0 Moscou, \u00e0 l'Institut sup\u00e9rieur de musique Gnesins[28]<\/sup><\/a>. Il s'est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans le chant moderne et la direction de ch\u0153ur, sous la direction du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre compositeur Vladimir Karaboka. Il a obtenu son dipl\u00f4me en 1991, et a produit pendant cette p\u00e9riode deux albums live : Jafra en 1985 et Tes larmes, m\u00e8re en 1986. D\u00e8s lors, le Moyen-Orient la d\u00e9couvre et tombe amoureux d'elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1991, elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le musicien ukrainien Leonid Alexeienko, qu'elle avait rencontr\u00e9 lors de ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 Moscou[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Un mariage qui a dur\u00e9 19 ans, mais dont les filles ont grandi avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au divorce, en raison de diff\u00e9rences culturelles irr\u00e9conciliables[30]<\/sup><\/a>. Parce que Rim ne veut pas d'une sc\u00e8ne internationale, il retourne \u00e0 Nazareth, et compose en combinant les traditions musicales arabes avec les sons de la pop occidentale. Elle \u00e9crit plusieurs bandes sonores pour des films arabes, pour des programmes de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, et est \u00e9galement actrice[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle porte souvent des v\u00eatements brod\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on traditionnelle, et un keffieh sur les \u00e9paules, symbole de l'ind\u00e9pendance palestinienne[32]<\/sup><\/a>, ses mains et ses bras \u00e9tant couverts de grands bijoux en argent ancien[33]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte par un groupe de musiciens scandinaves[34]<\/sup><\/a>, avec lesquels elle est entr\u00e9e dans le monde de la musique \u00e9lectronique, comme le projet collectif Checkpoint 303, avec lequel elle a produit l'album \"The Iqrit Files\"[35]<\/sup><\/a>. Lorsque, en 2015, les m\u00e9decins ont annonc\u00e9 que ses cordes vocales \u00e9taient partiellement paralys\u00e9es et qu'elle ne pourrait plus chanter, Checkpoint 303 a transform\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des scanners m\u00e9dicaux num\u00e9riques et des portraits de Rim en sons, sur lesquels elle a r\u00e9cit\u00e9 ses po\u00e8mes, continuant \u00e0 travailler jusqu'en janvier 2018, deux mois avant sa mort, lorsqu'elle a produit, avec le pianiste de jazz Bugge Wesseltoft[36]<\/sup><\/a> , l'album \"Voice Of Resistance\"[37]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses coll\u00e8gues scandinaves, la sc\u00e8ne folk europ\u00e9enne la d\u00e9couvre et l'encense en 2003, lorsqu'elle chante avec la chanteuse de jazz norv\u00e9gienne Kari Bremnes[38]<\/sup><\/a> sur l'album anti-guerre \"Lullabies from the Axis of Evil\", un message musical adress\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Bush contre les invasions de la Palestine, de l'Irak et de l'Iran, d\u00e9finis par le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain comme \"l'axe du mal\"[39]<\/sup><\/a>. Sa voix est obs\u00e9dante, \u00e9motive et ne craint pas le kitsch : il veut parler du quotidien des malheureux de Cisjordanie dont la vie est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la violence et la r\u00e9pression[40]<\/sup><\/a>. Les textes de Rim Banna sont ancr\u00e9s dans l'histoire coloniale de la Palestine et sont la r\u00e9capitulation d'une esth\u00e9tique de la protestation et de la r\u00e9sistance[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4QxBpmPkAxI\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oh, racine de mes racines, je reviendrai s\u00fbrement, alors attendez-moi. Attends-moi dans les fissures des rochers et des \u00e9pines. Dans les fleurs d'olivier, dans la couleur des papillons. Et dans les \u00e9chos et les ombres dans la boue de l'hiver. Et dans la poussi\u00e8re de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les traces de la gazelle. Et dans les ailes de chaque oiseau. Les \u00e9pines de la temp\u00eate sont sur mon chemin. Et l'appel de la terre est victorieux dans mes veines. Je reviens, alors gardez ma voix, mon parfum et ma forme pour moi, \u00f4 fleurs[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les concerts de Rim Banna sont simples, sans effets, parfois sans lumi\u00e8res ni amplification[43]<\/sup><\/a>, car il chante partout o\u00f9 il y a des Palestiniens qui souffrent ou un public pr\u00eat \u00e0 partager leur douleur, avec beaucoup d'humilit\u00e9 et de modestie[44]<\/sup><\/a>. Pour que rien ne soit perdu, il enregistre \u00e9galement de nombreuses chansons pour enfants, si importantes pour les familles palestiniennes de la diaspora[45]<\/sup><\/a>. En trois albums, elle a fait revivre les berceuses traditionnelles et, \u00e0 travers elles, est entr\u00e9e dans chaque foyer et dans la m\u00e9moire de chaque enfant[46]<\/sup><\/a> - de cette fa\u00e7on, bien plus que la violence dans les rues, elle a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 donner une identit\u00e9 \u00e0 au moins trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d'enfants \u00e0 Gaza et \u00e0 Ramallah[47]<\/sup><\/a>, et a fait en sorte que les prisonniers politiques[48]<\/sup><\/a> et les martyrs, chant\u00e9s sur l'album \"The mirrors of my soul\", ne soient pas oubli\u00e9s[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans des \u0153uvres plus r\u00e9centes, elle est all\u00e9e plus loin, chantant les injustices des Palestiniens qui vivent dans des camps et n'ont rien[50]<\/sup><\/a>, ou de la m\u00e8re qui explique \u00e0 son fils pourquoi elle n'a pas vu ses proches depuis quarante ans. Ses chansons \"Fares Odeh\" et \"Sarah\" (la chanson d\u00e9di\u00e9e au 84e martyr de l'Intifada - une fillette d'un an et demi tu\u00e9e en 2000 par un sniper isra\u00e9lien[51]<\/sup><\/a>) sont tr\u00e8s dures, difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9couter comme s'il s'agissait de simples morceaux de musique[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Avec son mari Leonid, elle construit des arrangements modernes[53]<\/sup><\/a>, mais les paroles parlent de l'apartheid palestinien, des soldats arm\u00e9s de mitrailleuses aux checkpoints, des couvre-feux et de la peur[54]<\/sup><\/a>. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils lui interdisent de chanter, elle se produit avec des webcasts d\u00e9di\u00e9s[55]<\/sup><\/a>. Pendant les premiers jours de l'Intifada en 2000, Rim Banna a donn\u00e9 des concerts en plein air alors que des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res bombardaient les territoires occup\u00e9s[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il explique : \"Une partie de notre travail consiste \u00e0 collecter des textes palestiniens traditionnels sans m\u00e9lodie. Pour que les paroles ne soient pas perdues, nous essayons de leur composer des m\u00e9lodies - modernes, mais inspir\u00e9es de la musique traditionnelle\"[57]<\/sup><\/a>. Il est surprenant, \u00e0 la lecture de ses textes, qu'il n'y ait pas un seul mot de haine[58]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle d\u00e9clare : \"Les techniques de chant orientales sont principalement ornementales, avec des tons forts et per\u00e7ants, alors que ma voix est bidimensionnelle et plus \u00e9paisse. J'essaie d'\u00e9crire des chansons qui conviennent \u00e0 ma voix. Je veux cr\u00e9er quelque chose de nouveau dans tous les domaines. Et cela implique de rapprocher les gens du monde entier de la musique et de l'\u00e2me des Palestiniens\"[59]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour voyager, Rim Banna a besoin d'un passeport isra\u00e9lien, donc chaque fois qu'elle quitte son pays, elle doit passer par de longues attentes bureaucratiques, mille questions, des fouilles[60]<\/sup><\/a>. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite \u00e0 deux reprises d'entrer en \u00c9gypte : la derni\u00e8re fois en juin 2015, lorsque les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime l'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 l'a\u00e9roport du Caire[61]<\/sup><\/a>. On l'accuse d'\u00eatre proche du Printemps arabe, donc des mouvements antimonarchistes ou des Fr\u00e8res musulmans[62]<\/sup><\/a>. Un non-sens, puisqu'elle se bat contre les tentatives d'expropriation culturelle du peuple palestinien, et qu'elle est de toute fa\u00e7on de religion chr\u00e9tienne - m\u00eame si, d'un point de vue historique, le mouvement fond\u00e9 il y a plus d'un si\u00e8cle par Tal'at Harb et Hassan Al-Banna, a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s proche du Vatican[63]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BEpSOpfYaaQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon vous portera \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re d'un nuage. La gazelle vous m\u00e8nera au creux du sycomore. L'odeur du pain et du lait vous portera comme un martyr sur les genoux de votre m\u00e8re. L'\u00e9toile lui dit : \"Ram\u00e8ne-moi \u00e0 la maison\". Emmenez-moi dans mon lit. Le sommeil a envahi mes membres. Et c'est dans ma t\u00eate. Le gar\u00e7on envahisseur s'est tourn\u00e9 vers son ombre. Dans le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re sont cach\u00e9s ses enfants, et son chagrin est dans le ventre et le c\u0153ur d'une m\u00e8re. Une femme en deuil a un c\u0153ur fait de lait et de verre. Un p\u00e8re en deuil a un c\u0153ur de larmes qui allume une lampe[64]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, comme il y a un si\u00e8cle, les sionistes et les monarchies et r\u00e9gimes arabes sont alli\u00e9s, et la Palestine est l'une des victimes de cette nouvelle coalition moyen-orientale[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Et la strat\u00e9gie sioniste \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la Palestine n'a pas chang\u00e9 : selon cette th\u00e9orie, sur les terres occup\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl, il n'y avait pas de peuples ayant une identit\u00e9 propre, mais seulement quelques nomades sans patrie et sans aspirations politiques collectives - la propagande \u00e9tait essentielle pour promouvoir l'id\u00e9e d'un \u00c9tat juif en Palestine, et pour consid\u00e9rer les nomades non pas comme les habitants l\u00e9gitimes de la Palestine, mais m\u00eame comme des \"r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s\"[66]<\/sup><\/a>. Paradoxalement, une grande partie de ce qu'Isra\u00ebl appelle la culture isra\u00e9lienne est une culture palestinienne et arabe ; de la nourriture \u00e0 la musique, en passant par la mode et tout le reste, la \"marque isra\u00e9lienne\" est essentiellement une marque arabe palestinienne, vol\u00e9e et rebaptis\u00e9e[67]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mme Rim d\u00e9clare : \"Ma ville se trouve au milieu d'une grande vall\u00e9e, mais j'ai l'impression de vivre sur une \u00eele autour de laquelle Isra\u00ebl continue de construire d'immenses immeubles et centres r\u00e9sidentiels. Ils entourent Nazareth comme s'il s'agissait des murs d'une prison\"[68]<\/sup><\/a>. C'est pourquoi, de son vivant, Rim Banna n'a pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 entrer en contact avec les Palestiniens vivant en Isra\u00ebl, mais s'est attach\u00e9e \u00e0 renforcer la culture, la conscience et la m\u00e9moire collective de son propre peuple[69]<\/sup><\/a>. On se souvient d'elle pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l'une des premi\u00e8res artistes \u00e0 appeler au boycott culturel d'Isra\u00ebl : \"Je ne comprends pas l'hypocrisie des artistes, dont les \u0153uvres encouragent la r\u00e9sistance et appellent \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration, mais qui acceptent de se produire dans un pays occupant\"[70]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rim Banna ne veut pas que l'identit\u00e9 palestinienne soit comprise uniquement comme un message politique, mais avant tout comme un message d'amour[71]<\/sup><\/a> : \"avec les cendres de mon corps, remplis une bouteille de gaz et de mat\u00e9riaux br\u00fblants pour qu'elle devienne un cocktail molotov dans les mains d'un r\u00e9sistant, pour qu'elle frappe les ennemis de l'amour\"[72]<\/sup><\/a>. Une m\u00e9taphore, certes, qui semble glorifier la violence. Une rage compr\u00e9hensible, si vous passez votre vie enti\u00e8re en tant qu'otage d'une arm\u00e9e d'envahisseurs qui tue, arr\u00eate et torture sans discernement, et qui chasse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement vos proches de leurs terres afin que de nouvelles colonies puissent y \u00eatre construites pour les envahisseurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cette guerre d'invasion, il n'y a pas de distinction entre les soldats et les civils. Les femmes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants, sont tous des cibles de l'arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne. Il en va de m\u00eame pour les missiles tir\u00e9s par les milices palestiniennes ou les attentats \u00e0 la bombe dans les rues d'Isra\u00ebl. La situation des femmes en Palestine est dramatique, car elles sont victimes d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fortement patriarcale, qui les consid\u00e8re comme la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et leur fait subir toutes sortes de violences ; en m\u00eame temps, elles sont victimes de la militarisation et de l'occupation : la Palestine est une sorte de prison \u00e0 ciel ouvert, dont les fronti\u00e8res sont militairement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par Isra\u00ebl ; comme si cela ne suffisait pas, en raison de l'invasion et de l'attitude patriarcale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elles sont les v\u00e9ritables moteurs de l'\u00e9conomie palestinienne[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Ce n'est que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des femmes comme Rim Banna que, depuis quelque temps, un processus de renouvellement du d\u00e9bat politique mettant l'accent sur les droits des femmes est en vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B6XKRx9xSIQ\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur. Ne vous excusez pas aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates injuste, ne vous mettez pas en col\u00e8re contre ceux qui disent que vous \u00eates l'agresseur. J'ai aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les femmes malades le jour apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Abraham le champ de Mahomet. C'est vous qui avez tu\u00e9 le printemps, quand la col\u00e8re tremble et que la r\u00e9volution ne s'apaise pas. C'est vous qui avez min\u00e9 mes jardins de vos mains et fait sauter la saison de leurs amandes rougissantes. Et j'ai fait en sorte que les repr\u00e9sentants les adorent alors que je suis un esclave qui pleure pour un esclave. Et tu voulais que je sois un esclave pour \u00eatre achet\u00e9 et vendu, et tu voulais que je sois d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9, que je vive sans ver. Ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans bouche, ne soyez pas alarm\u00e9s par ces mots sans main. Si je serrais ton pain dans ma main, je verrais mon sang couler le long de mes mains. Dieu est devenu un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 monsieur, alors confisquez le tapis de la mosqu\u00e9e. Et vendez l'\u00e9glise, car c'est sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, et vendez le muezzin aux ench\u00e8res noires. \u00c9teignez les \u00e9toiles fan\u00e9es, car elles \u00e9claireront le chemin du voyageur errant. M\u00eame nos orphelins dont le p\u00e8re est absent, alors confisquez nos orphelins, monsieur[74]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame \u00e0 Gaza et en Cisjordanie, le principe de libert\u00e9 doit devenir un langage commun, sans diff\u00e9rence de genre - et en ce sens, les femmes palestiniennes ne sont pas seules, mais font partie d'une vague qui inclut les protestations de la Femme en noir isra\u00e9lienne[75]<\/sup><\/a> , les m\u00e8res argentines de la Plaza de Mayo[76]<\/sup><\/a>, les Black Sash sud-africaines[77]<\/sup><\/a>, ou l'exemple extraordinaire du territoire syrien du Rojava, aujourd'hui en fait un territoire kurde ind\u00e9pendant, conquis et d\u00e9fendu par les milices de l'Unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9fense des femmes kurdes et gouvern\u00e9 par un matriarcat[78]<\/sup><\/a>. Un exemple qui est tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent dans la conscience politique et sociale de Rim Banna, comme le montrent les entretiens poignants recueillis par Al Jazeera[79]<\/sup><\/a> dans le documentaire relatant sa vie[80]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lutte de Rim Banna n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 vaine. Derri\u00e8re elle, elle laisse derri\u00e8re elle d'autres femmes, ic\u00f4nes culturelles et politiques d'un pays outrag\u00e9 et viol\u00e9 : Reem Kelani[81]<\/sup><\/a> , Kamilya Jubran[82]<\/sup><\/a> et Shadia Mansour[83]<\/sup><\/a> r\u00e9affirment l'identit\u00e9 et la culture palestiniennes dans le monde entier avec pour seules armes les mots et la musique, et sont aujourd'hui l'\u00e2me de la conscience palestinienne et du droit de ce peuple \u00e0 l'ind\u00e9pendance et \u00e0 la libert\u00e9[84]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il y a une partie du message de cette artiste qui est utile et n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture occidentale, et qui arrive juste maintenant qu'elle est partie. Comme l'a tristement pr\u00e9dit le pape Wojtyla, le XXIe si\u00e8cle est un temps de guerre, d'oppression religieuse, sociale et culturelle, de mis\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, de faim. Dans cette trag\u00e9die, nous sommes tous fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs - je veux dire ceux d'entre nous qui sont conscients que nous sommes, en Palestine, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, \u00e9cras\u00e9s par des troupes d'occupation et une propagande culturelle massive, qui consid\u00e8re l'\u00e9ducation comme une valeur n\u00e9gative, la libert\u00e9 comme de l'\u00e9go\u00efsme, la conscience et la responsabilit\u00e9 comme des dangers. Dans ce monde sombre, \u00e0 l'avenir encore plus sombre, nous avons besoin de la seule grande force lib\u00e9ratrice qui existe encore : l'amour de la vie des femmes, et leurs voix qui brisent la nuit de la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rim pendant les ann\u00e9es de chimioth\u00e9rapie : ses yeux et son sourire immenses<\/sub><\/strong>[85]<\/sup><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bKaajiC615o<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/leading-arab-israeli-singer-rim-bana-dies-aged-51\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.revistaadios.es\/info-adios\/301\/Rim-Banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.anemoia.net\/ancestors-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/famous-palestinian-singer-reem-banna-dead-at-51-1.2193544<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.assopacepalestina.org\/2020\/12\/30\/sumud-fermezza-crocefissione-e-poesia-la-vita-del-leader-palestinese-tawfiq-zayyad\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestinarossa.it\/?q=it\/content\/blog\/e-morto-il-poeta-palestinese-samih-al-qasim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/frontierenews.it\/2013\/08\/le-poesie-piu-belle-di-mahmoud-darwish\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.albawaba.com\/entertainment\/palestinian-film-%E2%80%9Cal-sabbar%E2%80%9D-attracts-swiss-audience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iyengaryoga.in\/news\/visit-of-the-palestinian-singer-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/mariamf.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rimbanna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.trieste.com\/spettacoli\/news\/noa_rim_banna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/3\/24\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-dies-at-51-after-battle-with-cancer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.buggewesseltoft.com\/home<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.barbican.org.uk\/the-trace-of-the-butterfly-a-tribute-to-rim-banna<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.karibremnes.no\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.dci.plo.ps\/print.php?id=7c2fa2y8138658Y7c2fa2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/lazyproduction-arabtunes.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/rim-banna-rip-1966-2018.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/sup><\/a>  https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/tribute-rim-banna-voice-freedom-and-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/nakhla.wordpress.com\/2007\/11\/13\/rim-banna\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/article\/culture-la-chanteuse-nai-barghouti-enieme-artiste-palestinienne-refoulee-d-egypte<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/sup><\/a> VATICANO E FRATELLI MUSULMANI: UN SECOLO DI RELAZIONI POLITICHE E FINANZIARIE | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/sup><\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0630\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0626 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/sup><\/a> THE NEW COLD WAR | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.fabriziozampa.com\/rimbanna.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/middle-east-online.com\/en\/farewell-rim-banna-palestinian-cultural-icon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/palestinian-singer-rim-banna-music-and-cultural-self-assertion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/dro.dur.ac.uk\/27477\/1\/27477.pdf?DDD36+flll33<\/a> pag. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/sup><\/a> COME EGITTO ED ISRAELE STANNO ANNIENTANDO LA PALESTINA | IBI World Italia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0645\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0628\u0632\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/womeninblack.org\/vigils-arround-the-world\/middle-east\/israel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sakharovprize\/it\/madri-di-plaza-de-mayo-1992-argentina\/products-details\/20200330CAN54167<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.blacksash.org.za\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/it.gariwo.net\/rubriche\/appunti-internazionali\/rojava-la-rivoluzione-democratica-11805.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XUY_Tbet1nQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/thevision.com\/attualita\/donne-palestinesi-israele\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.reemkelani.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kamilyajubran.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.antiwarsongs.org\/do_search.php?lang=it&idartista=12759&stesso=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/232082<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/mena\/thousands-bid-farewell-to-voice-of-palestinians-1.2194158<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Rim Banna, la voix du c\u0153ur bless\u00e9 de la Palestine","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rim-banna-la-voix-du-coeur-blesse-de-la-palestine","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:03","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6397","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":6344,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_date_gmt":"2022-08-06 23:37:15","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9cit raconte l'histoire d'un historien fran\u00e7ais, Pierre de Coubertin, qui, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans seulement, a organis\u00e9, au nom de l'amateurisme et de la paix universelle, les premiers Jeux olympiques de l'histoire moderne, dans la capitale de la m\u00eame Gr\u00e8ce qui avait invent\u00e9 les Jeux olympiques plus de deux mille ans auparavant[1]<\/a>. Personne n'a jamais analys\u00e9 en profondeur ce qui s'est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9. D'o\u00f9 venait l'argent, l'influence politique, l'organisation (Ath\u00e8nes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, \u00e9tait un village de p\u00eacheurs tr\u00e8s pauvre), l'impulsion politique. Dans la fable, il n'y a de place que pour les bons sentiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part, les Jeux olympiques, comme l'Exposition universelle, sont devenus les deux premi\u00e8res grandes manifestations de la mondialisation, toutes deux de marque fran\u00e7aise. Aujourd'hui, plus d'un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la b\u00e9vue de l'amateurisme n'est plus qu'un souvenir, et l'objectif de l'organisation des Jeux olympiques une op\u00e9ration manifeste de marketing \u00e9conomique, commercial, politique et diplomatique. Et comme tous ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements terrestres, les Jeux olympiques sont le biotope id\u00e9al de la corruption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'histoire des jeux modernes, la XXVIIe \u00e9dition (Sydney 2000) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'une des meilleures jamais organis\u00e9es[2]<\/a> et, par cons\u00e9quent, d\u00e9tient probablement aussi le triste record de la corruption, \u00e0 commencer par l'influence au sein du Comit\u00e9 international olympique (CIO)[3]<\/a>. Cet organisme d\u00e9cide qui organise, quelles disciplines ont le droit d'en faire partie (l'exclusion du pentathlon moderne et de certaines sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s de lutte a en fait tu\u00e9 ces sports, qui ne sont plus pratiqu\u00e9s par personne, faute de vitrine internationale attractive)[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'organisation des Jeux, pour une ville, signifie une visibilit\u00e9 mondiale, des flux touristiques accrus, le d\u00e9veloppement d'infrastructures, des investissements financiers, une fiert\u00e9 nationale comme un ciment politique interne[5]<\/a>. Et puis il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 sportif et passionn\u00e9, qui rend un \u00e9v\u00e9nement inoubliable - et Sydney n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 avare en la mati\u00e8re : la finale palpitante de baseball entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et Cuba[6]<\/a>; l'exploit du d\u00e9cathlonien am\u00e9ricain Chris Huffins, m\u00e9daill\u00e9 de bronze pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer son record personnel de 12,5 secondes dans une course harassante de 1500 m\u00e8tres[7]<\/a>; la m\u00e9daille d'or du cycliste n\u00e9erlandais Leontien van Moorsel, de retour sur la route apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de maladie[8]<\/a>; le bronze au saut \u00e0 la perche de Vala Flosad\u00f3ttir, premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 offrir une m\u00e9daille olympique \u00e0 l'Islande[9]<\/a>. Quant aux h\u00f4tes, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ceux du nageur Ian Thorpe, qui a remport\u00e9 trois m\u00e9dailles d'or et deux m\u00e9dailles d'argent[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire d'une grande victoire australienne<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

23 septembre 1993 : le pr\u00e9sident du CIO, Juan Antonio Samaranch, vient d'annoncer la d\u00e9cision d'organiser les 200 Jeux Olympiques \u00e0 Sydney et la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation australienne explose de joie[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois la f\u00eate termin\u00e9e, personne ne demande ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 dans le processus d'attribution. Le sport gagne, dans la m\u00e9moire du public, et les Jeux olympiques, aujourd'hui encore, font des gar\u00e7ons et des filles des h\u00e9ros \u00e9ternels. Lorsque le rideau tombe, le CIO a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 qui se verra attribuer non seulement les prochains Jeux olympiques, mais aussi ceux qui auront lieu huit ans plus tard. La d\u00e9cision politique, diplomatique et de lobbying complexe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu lieu, et ceux qui devaient \u00eatre pay\u00e9s l'ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 empoch\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La candidature de Sydney est n\u00e9e en novembre 1990[12]<\/a> et s'est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9e en novembre 1993[13]<\/a>. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re la candidature aux jeux (Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney) fourmille de personnes influentes : membres du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (dont Sydney est la capitale[14]<\/a>), de la mairie de Sydney et du Comit\u00e9 olympique australien-AOC[15]<\/a>. L'un d'entre eux est John Dowling Coates, avocat et entrepreneur, qui est le pr\u00e9sident de l'AOC[16]<\/a> (aujourd'hui \u00e9galement vice-pr\u00e9sident du CIO[17]<\/a>) depuis 1990, tandis que le PDG est Rod McGeoch, avocat d'affaires et homme puissant dans le sport australien[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au cours de sa carri\u00e8re au sein du COA, M. Coates s'est battu pour la candidature de Brisbane aux Jeux de 1992 (attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 Barcelone)[19]<\/a>, ville pour laquelle il a r\u00e9cemment obtenu les Jeux de 2032[20]<\/a>. Il a ensuite men\u00e9 la campagne pour que les Jeux de 1996, attribu\u00e9s plus tard \u00e0 Atlanta, soient organis\u00e9s \u00e0 Melbourne[21]<\/a>. Ces exp\u00e9riences se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es cruciales : lorsque Sydney est entr\u00e9e dans la course en 1990, il savait exactement quoi faire pour convaincre les membres du CIO de choisir l'Australie plut\u00f4t que Manchester[22]<\/a>, Berlin[23]<\/a> et, surtout, P\u00e9kin, l'aspirant le plus probable \u00e0 la victoire[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le processus d'\u00e9lection commence par une visite de la commission d'\u00e9valuation du CIO dans la ville candidate. La compagnie a\u00e9rienne australienne Qantas leur vend des billets avec une r\u00e9duction de 40 % et, en ville, les h\u00f4tels de luxe sont gratuits pour eux. Ils sont emmen\u00e9s visiter les sites de la comp\u00e9tition \u00e0 bord des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Kerry Packer[25]<\/a>, l'un des principaux magnats des m\u00e9dias en Australie[26]<\/a>. Cela rend le public suspicieux. Au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1999, Tom A. Sheridan, ancien v\u00e9rificateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Australie-M\u00e9ridionale[27]<\/a>, est charg\u00e9 par Michael Knight, ministre des Jeux olympiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen ind\u00e9pendant des activit\u00e9s de la Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. afin de d\u00e9terminer s'il y a eu des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou des fautes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s en mars 1999[28]<\/a>: le rapport Sheridan a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plusieurs violations des lignes relatives \u00e0 l'offre de cadeaux aux membres du CIO, dont la limite est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 200 dollars[29]<\/a>; deux membres du CIO se sont \u00e9galement rendus \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs europ\u00e9ens pay\u00e9s par le comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney : Le Danois Niels H\u00f8lst S\u00f8rensen et sa femme ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la finale de Roland-Garros 1993, tandis que l'Irlandais Kevin O'Flanagan et son fr\u00e8re \u00e9taient dans le public lors de la finale de Wimbledon 1992 - tous deux aux frais du comit\u00e9 de candidature de Sydney[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sydney 2000 : l'\u00e9quipe nationale de baseball des \u00c9tats-Unis f\u00eate son succ\u00e8s apr\u00e8s une finale \u00e2prement disput\u00e9e contre Cuba[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plusieurs visites \u00e0 des membres du CIO d'autres nations, effectu\u00e9es par le PDG de la candidature de Sydney, Rod McGeoch, ont viol\u00e9 les directives du CIO : en Mongolie, au Br\u00e9sil, en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Mexique et en Inde[32]<\/a>. En mai 1991, le comit\u00e9 de candidature s'est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 un jeune couple roumain d\u00e9sireux d'\u00e9migrer en Australie, Dana et Nicholae Voinov, fille et gendre du membre roumain du CIO Alexandru Siperco. Le rapport Sheridan sugg\u00e8re que le fait de faire venir les deux jeunes en Australie et de leur trouver un emploi valait le vote de Siperco pour la candidature de Sydney[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En d\u00e9cembre 1992, le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 mongol Shagdarjav Magvan a visit\u00e9 le zoo de Taronga Western Plains en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud[34]<\/a>, o\u00f9 vivent 24 chevaux Przewalski, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s chevaux sauvages mongols, qui sont proches de l'extinction dans leur pays[35]<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de cette visite, le Premier ministre australien, le Conseil des parcs zoologiques de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 et le gouvernement de Mongolie ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 le transfert de certains des chevaux. En 1995, sept sp\u00e9cimens (deux du zoo Monarto d'Ad\u00e9la\u00efde et cinq du zoo des plaines occidentales) de Przewalsky ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 Oulan-Bator[36]<\/a> pour un co\u00fbt total de 240 000 dollars australiens - et par le vote de Magvan[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toujours selon le rapport Sheridan, les officiels du CIO sont \u00e0 plusieurs reprises accueillis gratuitement \u00e0 Sydney et dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du pays[38]<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, les membres du comit\u00e9 australien s'inqui\u00e8tent de la force de la candidature de P\u00e9kin, surtout apr\u00e8s avoir appris que le pr\u00e9sident de la FIFA de l'\u00e9poque, le Br\u00e9silien Jo\u00e3o Havelange, pousse les membres sud-am\u00e9ricains et africains \u00e0 voter pour la capitale chinoise[39]<\/a>; McGeoch cr\u00e9e alors une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de relations publiques \u00e0 Londres dans le but d'attaquer la Chine sur la question des droits de l'homme[40]<\/a>. John Coates ne baisse pas les bras et offre, quelques heures avant le vote, 35 000 dollars chacun aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO du Kenya et de l'Ouganda, officiellement pour soutenir les activit\u00e9s olympiques de leurs pays respectifs[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du 24 juillet au 20 ao\u00fbt 1993, Coates a visit\u00e9 11 pays africains dans le but de renforcer les relations avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques locaux[42]<\/a>. Au cours de cette visite, des accords de coop\u00e9ration ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec les comit\u00e9s olympiques du Nigeria, de la C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, du Mali, du Togo, du Cameroun, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, du Swaziland, de Maurice, du Congo et du Zimbabwe : Coates promet 2,05 millions de dollars australiens (y compris un soutien mineur \u00e0 la Tha\u00eflande, \u00e0 l'Argentine et \u00e0 la Colombie), vers\u00e9s par Sydney 2000 Olympics Bid Limited \u00e0 l'AOC (responsable de la distribution du soutien aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations individuelles) entre septembre et d\u00e9cembre 1993[43]<\/a>. Comme ces paiements sont destin\u00e9s aux f\u00e9d\u00e9rations, et non aux membres individuels du CIO, cela passe sans g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de scandale[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux lobbyistes professionnels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9s, Mahmoud El Farnawany et Gabor Komyathy, le premier (Afrique et Asie) pour 180 000 dollars australiens, le second (Europe de l'Est) pour 200 000 dollars australiens[45]<\/a>. Le d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 australien du CIO, Phil Coles, exerce des activit\u00e9s identiques \u00e0 Paris : il d\u00eene avec divers membres du CIO, assiste \u00e0 des manifestations sportives, envoie des rapports r\u00e9guliers aux membres de la candidature de Sydney aux Jeux olympiques de 2000 ; les d\u00e9penses de l'\u00e9quipe de lobbying \u00e0 Paris s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 environ 160 000 dollars australiens[46]<\/a>. Sheridan souligne dans son rapport comment l'absence d'indications pr\u00e9cises concernant le lobbying dans les directives du CIO rend ces activit\u00e9s de facto non sanctionnables, alors qu'elles sont clairement contraires \u00e0 l'esprit des Jeux Olympiques[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12 f\u00e9vrier 2022 : L'ancien joueur et entra\u00eeneur de volley-ball \u00e9gypto-canadien Mahmoud El Farnawany meurt \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 89 ans, \u00e9vitant une enqu\u00eate sur l'argent qu'il a re\u00e7u en tant que lobbyiste pour Sydney 2000[48]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 23 septembre 1993, le CIO a choisi Sydney, au lieu de P\u00e9kin, par 45 voix sur 89 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s du CIO[49]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape officielle est le contrat de ville h\u00f4te, qui est sign\u00e9 le 23 septembre entre le CIO, le COA et la ville de Sydney : le COA de John Coates se voit garantir 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des Jeux, les 10% restants allant au CIO. Le gouvernement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud est exclu de la r\u00e9partition[50]<\/a>. La d\u00e9ception du gouvernement est \u00e9norme, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l'\u00c9tat a pay\u00e9 60 millions de dollars australiens pour l'organisation des Jeux, qu'il s'est engag\u00e9 \u00e0 financer les infrastructures et qu'il ne lui reste rien[51]<\/a>. En vertu du contrat d'avenant de 1991, l'AOC - encore Coates, donc - dispose d'un droit de veto sur toute question concernant le budget de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour organiser les Jeux, le Comit\u00e9 d'organisation des Jeux olympiques de Sydney (SOCOG). Mais \u00e0 la table de poker des Jeux olympiques, chaque faiblesse, na\u00efvet\u00e9 et incomp\u00e9tence est s\u00e9v\u00e8rement punie : la politique australienne paie tout et garde les dettes, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices vont \u00e0 SOCOG[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il s'agit d'un organisme public, qui pourrait \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par le Parlement, mais en fait, le statut stipule que le consentement de l'AOC est n\u00e9cessaire pour modifier le contrat d'avenant et celui du CIO pour le contrat de ville h\u00f4te[53]<\/a>. Ainsi, les Jeux olympiques de Sydney sont th\u00e9oriquement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par le secteur priv\u00e9 mais financ\u00e9s par le secteur public, alors qu'en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, c'est toujours un organisme public (le SOCOG) qui supervise les travaux pr\u00e9paratoires \u00e0 l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement[54]<\/a>. Ce qui est grave, dans tout cela, c'est le manque absolu de transparence (et, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque, l'absence de couverture m\u00e9diatique) des contrats en question et, surtout, des cons\u00e9quences qu'ils auraient sur les contribuables australiens[55]<\/a>. Le conseil d'administration du SOCOG est majoritairement nomm\u00e9 par le gouvernement, mais il est instable, en proie \u00e0 des conflits d'int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la NSW et l'AOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sont vives car Coates continue d'affirmer son droit de veto sur le budget et ne veut pas renoncer \u00e0 sa part des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ; la guerre intestine commence \u00e0 faire des victimes : le 6 mars 1996, l'entrepreneur Gary Pemberton d\u00e9missionne de la pr\u00e9sidence du conseil d'administration et est remplac\u00e9 par John Iliffe[56]<\/a>. Michael Knight est devenu ministre des Jeux olympiques de NSW (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)[57]<\/a> lors de l'\u00e9lection du gouvernement travailliste de Bob Carr en 1995[58]<\/a>. Pr\u00e9sidentialiste, ayant une approche pratique de la gestion des Jeux, Knight a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'un des architectes de la solution \u00e0 la dangereuse impasse du conseil d'administration du SOCOG, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e un dimanche de mars 1996, lors d'un d\u00eener dans un restaurant chinois entre Coates et Knight, appel\u00e9 \"La nuit des longues crevettes\" : l'accord \u00e9tait que Knight garantirait les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision pour une somme fixe \u00e0 l'AOC, qui en \u00e9change renoncerait \u00e0 son droit de veto et \u00e0 90% des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coates obtient ainsi, pour les droits de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, la somme de 100 millions de dollars australiens, qui est vers\u00e9e \u00e0 l'AOC non pas sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, mais sur les recettes initiales des jeux ; le Comit\u00e9 olympique gagne ses cent millions de dollars avant de v\u00e9rifier si l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement a effectivement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice[60]<\/a>. Toujours pas satisfait, Coates parvient \u00e0 ins\u00e9rer dans l'accord une clause qui cimente le contr\u00f4le du COA sur les Jeux : un organe interne est cr\u00e9\u00e9 au sein du SOCOG, appel\u00e9 Commission des sports, pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Coates et contr\u00f4l\u00e9 en majorit\u00e9 par le COA. A cette Commission sont d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es toutes les responsabilit\u00e9s (et le budget) du Conseil en mati\u00e8re de sport[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michel Knight (\u00e0 gauche) et John Coates (\u00e0 droite), photographi\u00e9s apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union secr\u00e8te[62]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'accord qui donne au Comit\u00e9 olympique 100 millions de dollars et le contr\u00f4le de la Commission des sports marque le d\u00e9but d'une solide amiti\u00e9 entre Coates et Knight, les deux personnes qui, en fait, dirigent les Jeux. Cette alliance s'est rapidement av\u00e9r\u00e9e cruciale pour les ambitions de Michael Knight de se tailler un r\u00f4le encore plus important, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 sa nomination comme pr\u00e9sident du conseil d'administration du SOCOG (septembre 1996) \u00e0 la place de John Iliffe, tout en conservant son poste de ministre des Jeux olympiques[63]<\/a>. Les initi\u00e9s ont l'impression que les Jeux sont hautement politis\u00e9s[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9cision est suivie d'un coup m\u00e9diatique : Knight et Coates d\u00e9clarent aux journaux que le COJO est en plein d\u00e9sarroi, incapable de g\u00e9rer les Jeux, et que les pr\u00e9paratifs ont \u00e0 peine commenc\u00e9. Les titres qui en r\u00e9sultent en disent long : \"Jeux en crise, Knight intervient\"[65]<\/a>. Sandy Holloway est nomm\u00e9 nouveau directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du SOCOG[66]<\/a> - un bureaucrate de Canberra et un ancien coll\u00e8gue du s\u00e9nateur Graham Richardson[67]<\/a>, figure centrale de l'aile conservatrice du parti travailliste[68]<\/a>, ancien ministre australien des sports[69]<\/a>, mentor de Michael Knight et organisateur de la \"Nuit de la longue crevette\"[70]<\/a>. En novembre 1997, Richardson (membre du conseil d'administration du SOCOG depuis 1996[71]<\/a>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 par Coates maire du village olympique[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nomination de Richardson a soulev\u00e9 les protestations du parti lib\u00e9ral, qui voudrait s'en d\u00e9barrasser s'il remporte les \u00e9lections de 1999[73]<\/a>. Les lib\u00e9raux, en cas de victoire, veulent remplacer M. Knight par Rod McGeoch, l'un des principaux architectes de la campagne victorieuse de Sydney et membre du conseil d'administration de SOCOG. La machine \u00e0 boue de Knight est d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9e[74]<\/a>. M. McGeoch quitte la politique, \u00e9crit des m\u00e9moires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s[75]<\/a>, fait des tourn\u00e9es dans le pays en tant que conf\u00e9rencier populaire[76]<\/a> et devient consultant pour la candidature d'Ath\u00e8nes aux Jeux de 2004[77]<\/a>, avec des honoraires d'environ un million de dollars[78]<\/a>. En raison de cette position, il est contraint de d\u00e9missionner du conseil d'administration de SOCOG[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 la mi-novembre, le Daily Telegraph a \u00e9crit que M. McGeoch aurait exig\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration de 8 000 dollars australiens pour prononcer un discours sur les Jeux olympiques. Un document du conseil d'administration, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Michael Knight, a \u00e9t\u00e9 divulgu\u00e9 au journal ; il s'agit de la premi\u00e8re fuite sugg\u00e9rant des conflits entre les affaires de McGeoch et son r\u00f4le au SOCOG. M. McGeoch affirme avoir eu connaissance de l'indemnisation lorsqu'il a re\u00e7u un appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique du journaliste concern\u00e9[80]<\/a>. Le document serait donc un faux produit par Knight. Dix-huit mois avant la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d'ouverture, les travaux d'infrastructure pour les Jeux sont bien avanc\u00e9s : de nombreux sites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9s et Homebush a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 d'une d\u00e9charge de d\u00e9chets toxiques abandonn\u00e9e[81]<\/a> en un complexe olympique mod\u00e8le[82]<\/a>. La d\u00e9mission de l'ancien h\u00e9ros McGeoch est vite oubli\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Une image de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de cl\u00f4ture des Jeux olympiques de Sydney[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Jeux olympiques de Sydney ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des pertes de 2,1 milliards de dollars[84]<\/a>. La ville a gagn\u00e9 des installations de classe mondiale et l'opportunit\u00e9 d'accueillir un \u00e9v\u00e9nement extraordinaire mais, en cours de route, l'esprit olympique de solidarit\u00e9, de fair-play et de fraternit\u00e9 s'est perdu dans les m\u00e9andres d'une triste lutte des organisateurs pour s'emparer d'un butin substantiel. Le sport olympique australien en sort enrichi : les caisses de l'AOC disposent de 88 millions de dollars australiens apr\u00e8s les Jeux[85]<\/a>. John Coates a atteint son objectif - aux d\u00e9pens du peuple australien : avoir un AOC ind\u00e9pendant et riche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personne ne sait combien Coates et Knight ont gagn\u00e9. Tout ce que l'on sait, c'est qu'ils sont devenus gestionnaires de plusieurs fonds d'investissement du groupe texan DFA Dimensional Fund Advisors, et qu'ils vivront une vieillesse sans maux de t\u00eate financiers[86]<\/a>. Le seul effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre encore plus \u00e9vident (et, \u00e9trangement, plus accept\u00e9) le fait que derri\u00e8re toute la machine du Comit\u00e9 international olympique et des diff\u00e9rentes f\u00e9d\u00e9rations sportives (dont une surtout, la tr\u00e8s puissante FIFA, qui g\u00e8re les fortunes du football) se trouve une seule et monstrueuse machine corruptrice, dilapidant l'argent public, et que les comp\u00e9titions sportives, encore plus aujourd'hui que pendant la guerre froide, sont des comp\u00e9titions pour l'affirmation des nationalismes des grandes puissances - exactement comme c'\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l'esprit des Jeux olympiques dans l'hell\u00e9nisme. L'\u00eatre humain ne change jamais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/pierre-de-coubertin<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pierre-baron-de-Coubertin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/sydney-olympic-games-15-top-moments-from-the\/news-story\/1d44b29863399f4c6af6a1c95c1e0057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/administration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/default\/candidatures.aspx?_lg=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economicshelp.org\/blog\/29\/sport\/costs-and-benefits-of-the-olympics\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/thesportsschool.com\/benefits-of-olympics-for-hosting-country\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.usabaseball.com\/news\/topic\/general\/otd-92700-pro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/worldfilmreviews.us\/sydney-2000-stories-of-olympic-glory\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/cyclingtips.com\/2020\/08\/one-of-the-greats-catching-up-with-dutch-champion-leontien-van-moorsel\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Matthews, \"Historical Dictionary of Track and Field\", Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/it\/atleti\/ian-thorpe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dailytelegraph.com.au\/news\/nsw\/sydney-olympics-from-frogs-halting-construction-to-stadium-built-on-sand-sydney-was-not-immune-to-olympic-host-controversy\/news-story\/742bd413747d35567001d7ce5004dad4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6912752\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/37644\/sydney-2000-share-the-spirit-sydney-olympics-2000-bid-ltd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsw.gov.au\/about-nsw\/key-facts-about-nsw#:~:text=Sydney%20is%20the%20capital%20of,the%20eastern%20coast%20of%20NSW.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> \"SYDNEY 2000: SHARE THE SPIRIT\", Vol. 1: General information = Renseignements g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid Ltd. Sydney, 1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/mr-john-coates-ac<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.com\/ioc\/executive-board<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mcgeoch-am\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-28\/brisbane-2032-games-may-be-john-coates-olympic-legacy\/13200000<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-07-21\/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city\/100311320<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.insidethegames.biz\/articles\/1078526\/an-australian-hacking-it-in-the-olympic-big-time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Christopher Law, \"Manchester's Bid for the Millennium Olympic Games\", in \"Geography\" Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1994), pp. 222-231<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1991\/03\/07\/Berlin-officially-bids-for-2000-Olympic-Games\/5301668322000\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/09\/24\/sports\/olympics-there-s-no-joy-in-beijing-as-sydney-gets-olympics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/how-sydney-won-the-2000-olympic-bid_3490082.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/halloffame.melbournepressclub.com\/article\/kerry-packer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/auditor-general-criticises-sa-public-service-19880908-k3022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/webarchive.nla.gov.au\/awa\/19991209130000\/http:\/\/www.deloitte.com.au\/content\/socog_report.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 33<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/olympics.nbcsports.com\/2014\/04\/02\/2000-us-olympic-baseball-team-tommy-lasorda-doug-mientkiewicz-ben-sheets\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 38-39<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/taronga.org.au\/dubbo-zoo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/nationalzoo.si.edu\/animals\/przewalskis-horse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 47-48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 31-32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/how-sydney-won-race-19930927-k5l5q<\/a> ; Marcus P. Chu, \"Sporting Events in China as Economic Development, National Image, and Political Ambition\", Springer Nature, 2021, p.18 ; https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1999-may-25-mn-40821-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/104884\/man-who-beat-beijing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 42-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> Sheridan Report, pp. 43-44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> Sheridan Report, p. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mediaintoronto.com\/egyptian-communitys-leader-mahmoud-elfarnawany-dies-aged-89\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-1993-sydney-wins-olympic-bid-20190911-p52q6u.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> Kristine Toohey, Tracy Taylor, \"Australian Sport: Antipodean Waves of Change\", Routledge, 2013, p. 116<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, pp. 668-69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> Mark Brabazon, \"The Legal Structure of the Sydney Olympic Games\", UNSW Law Journal, Volume 22(3), 1999, p. 672<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 83<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/profiles\/knight_michael-steven.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/members\/Pages\/member-details.aspx?pk=2041<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics : Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 64<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/sport\/from-the-archives-coates-of-many-contracts-20200812-p55kxp.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/Hansard\/Pages\/HansardResult.aspx#\/docid\/HANSARD-1820781676-9989\/link\/1946<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a> ; https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/3eebf3553b84689dcffd1afcd1197100<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/sports\/1999\/01\/26\/sydneys-main-man-shows-how-its-done\/746d75f3-7798-4c2e-a5f8-a8cc67c971bb\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.gwb.com.au\/gwb\/news\/197\/2903.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/premiernational.com.au\/graham-richardson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/australiansportreflections.com\/2021\/09\/22\/sydney-2000-olympic-and-paralympic-games-power-brokers-expect-many-changes-in-brisbane-2032s-journey\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/nsw\/how-the-night-of-the-long-prawns-shaped-sydney-s-olympic-bounty-20201001-p56134.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.celebrityspeakers.com.au\/speakers\/graham-richardson\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> Harry Gordon, \"The Time of Our Lives: Inside the Sydney Olympics: Australia and the Olympic Games 1994-2002\", Univ. of Queensland Press, 2003, p. 159<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.journeyman.tv\/film_documents\/539\/transcript\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/sport\/sydney-committee-in-disarray-1.218958<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/4028822-bid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.saxton.com.au\/speakers\/rod-mc-geoch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/get-cracking-on-planning-for-rugby-world-cup-says-expert\/MQBNXQWLGDV5DAC7QQZ5XSO4LQ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/mcgeoch-quits-its-personal-19981125-k8fap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0stuuh6VckU<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.afr.com\/companies\/ruling-troika-in-socog-empire-19990902-k8y70<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1998-feb-24-sp-22525-story.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony#\/media\/File:Closing_ceremony1.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/4833453_The_Sydney_Olympics_seven_years_on_an_ex-post_dynamic_CGE_assessment#:~:text=With%20these%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find,loss%20of%20approximately%20%242.1%20billion.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.&text=Content%20may%20be%20subject%20to%20copyright.,-Eleventh%20Floor%2C%20Menzies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/www.afr.com\/policy\/john-coates-independent-olympic-finances-crucial-to-team-success-20170502-gvwypf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> DFA Investment on Nexis<\/p>\n","post_title":"Sydney 2000 : les Jeux olympiques de la corruption","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"sydney-2000-les-jeux-olympiques-de-la-corruption","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:04","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=6344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":10},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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We love watching them eat their own.
Bonus: Ted Cruz slips up and admits America has her hand in the Israel\/Iran conflict. https:\/\/t.co\/2PT1Eo1Dty<\/a><\/p>— Lincoln Square (@LincolnSquareHQ) June 18, 2025<\/a><\/blockquote>

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Les d\u00e9clarations de Cruz et leurs cons\u00e9quences sur l\u2019implication am\u00e9ricaine au Moyen-Orient, ainsi que les d\u00e9fis auxquels sont confront\u00e9s les d\u00e9cideurs politiques en 2025, m\u00e9ritent une attention particuli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We love watching them eat their own.
Bonus: Ted Cruz slips up and admits America has her hand in the Israel\/Iran conflict. https:\/\/t.co\/2PT1Eo1Dty<\/a><\/p>— Lincoln Square (@LincolnSquareHQ) June 18, 2025<\/a><\/blockquote>

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Faits, d\u00e9clarations et tensions autour des propos de Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les d\u00e9clarations de Cruz et leurs cons\u00e9quences sur l\u2019implication am\u00e9ricaine au Moyen-Orient, ainsi que les d\u00e9fis auxquels sont confront\u00e9s les d\u00e9cideurs politiques en 2025, m\u00e9ritent une attention particuli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We love watching them eat their own.
Bonus: Ted Cruz slips up and admits America has her hand in the Israel\/Iran conflict. https:\/\/t.co\/2PT1Eo1Dty<\/a><\/p>— Lincoln Square (@LincolnSquareHQ) June 18, 2025<\/a><\/blockquote>

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\n

Cette d\u00e9claration a fait la une des journaux en juin 2025, lorsque le s\u00e9nateur Ted Cruz a admis que les \u00c9tats-Unis soutenaient les actions militaires d\u2019Isra\u00ebl contre ce qui est aujourd\u2019hui qualifi\u00e9 de menace iranienne. Cette r\u00e9v\u00e9lation explicite, faite lors d\u2019une interview controvers\u00e9e avec l\u2019ancien animateur de Fox News Tucker Carlson, a d\u00e9clench\u00e9 une vive pol\u00e9mique sur le soutien am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl en pleine guerre Isra\u00ebl-Iran. Le ton extr\u00eame de Cruz, combin\u00e9 \u00e0 une m\u00e9connaissance inqui\u00e9tante de l\u2019Iran, a mis en lumi\u00e8re les divisions internes au sein de l\u2019administration du pr\u00e9sident Donald Trump et soulev\u00e9 de s\u00e9rieuses questions sur les processus d\u00e9cisionnels am\u00e9ricains en mati\u00e8re de politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faits, d\u00e9clarations et tensions autour des propos de Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les d\u00e9clarations de Cruz et leurs cons\u00e9quences sur l\u2019implication am\u00e9ricaine au Moyen-Orient, ainsi que les d\u00e9fis auxquels sont confront\u00e9s les d\u00e9cideurs politiques en 2025, m\u00e9ritent une attention particuli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We love watching them eat their own.
Bonus: Ted Cruz slips up and admits America has her hand in the Israel\/Iran conflict. https:\/\/t.co\/2PT1Eo1Dty<\/a><\/p>— Lincoln Square (@LincolnSquareHQ) June 18, 2025<\/a><\/blockquote>

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Perspective

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